Ricardo Almeida Viégas

Proline accumulation and glutamine synthetase activity are increased by salt-induced proteolysis in cashew leaves

In this study cashew (Anacardium occidentale) plants were exposed to a short- and long-term exposure to NaCl in order to establish the importance of the salt-induced proteolysis and the glutamine synthetase activity on the proline accumulation. The cashew leaf showed a prominent proline accumulation in response to salt stress. In contrast, the root tissue had no significant changes in proline content even after the drastic injury caused by salinity on the whole plant. The leaf proline accumulation was correlated to protease activity, accumulation of free amino acid and ammonia, and decrease of both total protein and chlorophyll contents. The leaf GS activity was increased by the salt stress whereas in the roots it was slightly lowered. Although the several amino acids in the soluble pool of leaf tissue have showed an intense increment in its concentrations in the salt-treated plants, proline was the unique to show a proportional increment from 50 to 100 mol m-3 NaCl exposure (16.37 to 34.35 mmol kg-1 DM, respectively). Although the leaf glutamate concentration increased in the leaves of the salt-stressed cashew plants, as compared to control, its relative contribution to the total amino acid decreased significantly in stressed leaves when compared to other amino acids. In addition, when the leaf discs were incubated with NaCl in the presence of exogenous precursors (Glu, Gln, Orn or Arg) involved in the proline synthesis pathways, the glutamate was unique in inducing a significant enhancement of the proline accumulation compared to those discs with precursor in the absence of NaCl. These results, together with the salt-induced increase in the GS activity, suggest an increase in the de novo synthesis of proline probably associated with the increase of the concentration of glutamate. Moreover, the prominent salt-induced proline accumulation in the leaves was associated with the higher salt-sensitivity in terms of proteolysis and salt-induced senescence as compared to the roots. In conclusion, the leaf-proline accumulation was due, at least in part, to the increase in the salt-induced proteolysis associated with the increments in the GS activity and hence the increase in the concentration of glutamate precursor in the soluble amino acid pool.

Salt stress induced damages on the photosynthesis of physic nut young plants

A salinidade e um dos principais fatores que limitam a produtividade das culturas no mundo principalmente em regioes semiaridas. Avaliou-se a resistencia da fotossintese de plantas jovens de pinhaomanso (Jatropha curcas L.) submetidas ao estresse salino. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com tratamentos em fatorial 2 x 3: duas concentracoes de NaCl (0 e 100 mmol L-1) e tres tempos de avaliacao (7 e 14 dias de exposicao e tres dias de recuperacao). As concentracoes de Na+ e Cl- e a relacao K+/Na+ nas folhas, apos sete dias de exposicao ao sal, nao indicaram niveis toxicos, sugerindo os efeitos osmoticos induzidos pelo NaCl prevaleceram sobre as causas ionicas. Sob essas condicoes, o estresse salino causou reducao nos parâmetros de trocas gasosas, como fixacao de CO2, condutância estomatica e transpiracao, mas ao contrario, nao alterou a eficiencia fotoquimica do fotossistema II. Apos 14 dias de tratamento, os ions salinos atingiram concentracoes muito elevadas nas folhas, provavelmente atingindo niveis toxicos. Em tais condicoes, as trocas gasosas e a atividade fotoquimica sofreram forte reducao causada pelo estresse ionico. O tratamento de recuperacao nao induziu queda intensa nas concentracoes dos ions salinos nas folhas e nenhuma melhoria foi observada no desempenho fotossintetico. Plantas jovens de pinhao manso sao sensiveis a condicoes de salinidade elevada por NaCl, mostrando altas concentracoes de Na+ e Cl-, baixa razao K+/Na+ e danos fotossinteticos intensos causados tanto por limitacoes estomaticas como por limitacoes bioquimicas.

Effects of NaCl-salinity on growth and inorganic solute accumulation in young cashew plants

Os efeitos da salinidade sobre o crescimento e acumulacao de solutos inorgânicos foram avaliados em plantas de cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.), com 30 dias de idade, cultivadas em diferentes doses de NaCl, por 8 dias (curta duracao) e 40 dias (longa duracao). A producao de massa fresca (MF) da parte aerea, apos 40 dias, foi reduzida, aproximadamente, 25 e 75% sob 50 e 100 mol m-3 de NaCl, respectivamente. Nas raizes, a producao de MF nao foi afetada em 50 mol m-3 de NaCl, entretanto decresceu 30% em 100 mol m-3 de NaCl. No experimento de curta duracao, a concentracao de K+ nos diferentes tecidos foi similar aquela das plantas controle, enquanto que, no experimento de longa duracao, a concentracao de K+ foi fortemente reduzida, principalmente nas raizes. Em resposta ao tempo e a salinidade crescente, as concentracoes de Na+ e Cl- atingiram niveis toxicos nas folhas o que levou, a partir do quarto dia do estresse salino, ao surgimento de sintomas tipicos de toxicidade por estes ions. Em consequencia, as plantas de cajueiro nao foram habeis em regular suas funcoes metabolicas e fisiologicas nessas condicoes adversas de crescimento.

Salinity tolerance of halophyte Atriplex nummularia L. grown under increasing NaCl levels

The current study reports effects of salt stress on growth, K+ nutrition and organic composition of Atriplex nummularia. The upper limit of the NaCl gradient imposed on the plants was close to seawater salinity (600 mM). An external NaCl of 150 mM improved the growth of this species, which corroborates its halophytic nature. Evidence show that Atriplex nummularia was responsive to NaCl, but the mechanisms of this response are still not known. In such stress condition, Na+ and Cl- accumulation in leaves was far greater than that in roots; therefore salinity tolerance of Atriplex nummularia is not due to ion exclusion mechanism. In spite of a reduction of K+ content of tissues under salinity conditions, no corresponding physiological relevance of this in terms of growth was found. The high affinity of root cells for Na+ during uptake and, probably, its subsequent sequestration into cell vacuoles and structures of protection seems to contribute to osmotic adjustment as an increase in relative water content (RWC) of leaves was observed. NaCl caused a decrease in total soluble proteins and chlorophylls; the relevance of this is discussed in terms of mechanisms of salinity tolerance. The ability of Atriplex nummularia plants to keep Na+ and Cl- away from enzymes and cytosolic structures, together with an effective osmotic adjustment, is suggested as having a role in its tolerance to high salinity.

Growth and total-N content of Prosopis juliflora (SW) D. C. are stimulated by low NaCl levels

In this study the early effects of salinity on growth, total N and ion accumulation and partitioning in Prosopis juliflora (common name algaroba) were studied with 30-day-old plants grown for 8 days in aerated nutrient solution (NS) free of (control) or supplied with 25, 50, 75 and 100 mmol.L-1 NaCl. Plants grown in 25 and 50 mmol.L-1 NaCl accumulated a total dry mass (DM) and shoot N content greater than the control. However, at 75 and 100 mmol.L-1 NaCl such parameters were diminished. Whole plant transpiration rates were higher with 25 and 50 mmol.L-1 NaCl and lower with 75 and 100 mmol.L-1 NaCl. Salinity did not influence shoot (80%) and root (70%) water content (WC) but reduced the K+ content of shoot while that of root was not affected. Increasing external NaCl concentrations increased K+/Na+ ratios of both plant parts. The data support the hypothesis that increase in transpiration rates and in shoot total N may account for growth stimulation of algaroba under mild salinity.

Transporte e distribuição de potássio atenuam os efeitos tóxicos do sódio em plantas jovens de pinhão-manso

A number of studies have pointed out how potassium can alleviate the effects of sodium toxicity on plants. However, the mechanisms of interaction between these two ions at the whole plant level are poorly understood so far. This study assessed some physiological mechanisms involved with the K-Na interaction in Jatropha curcas seedlings exposed to salinity. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized, 2 × 2 factorial design (two Na and K levels in nutrient solution, with five replications). The plants were exposed to the following treatments: K0Na0 (absence of both Na and K), K0Na1 (0 mmol L-1 K and 50 mmol L-1 Na), K1Na0 (10 mmol L-1 K and 0 mmol L-1 Na) and K1Na1 (10 mmol L-1 K and 50 mmol L-1 Na). After the test period, the results showed a strong antagonistic interaction in terms of K and Na transport rates in roots, stems and leaves. Without [K]ext in the nutrient solution, the Na transport rate in physic nut leaves was high, contributing to an excessive accumulation of this ion in the shoot and inducing toxicity symptoms in leaves. Conversely, the presence of adequate K evels alleviated the excessive accumulation of sodium in various plant parts, causing a decrease in the xylem Na flux rate. These data suggest that [K]ext can mitigate the adverse effects of sodium excess and reduce sodium contents in Jatropha curcas tissues.

Crescimento e produção do pinhão-manso irrigado com água residuária sob condições de estresse hídrico

The physic nut is a Brazilian native crop of the Euforbiaceae family. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of the evapotranspiration replacement on the growth and production variables of the crop irrigated with domestic sewage. The experiment was carried out in drainage lysimeters under controlled environment. A statistical scheme in randomized block was utilized with four repetitions and five water replacement levels (Nr1 = 0.25; Nr2 = 0.50; Nr3 = 0.75, Nr4 =1.00 and Nr5 = 1.25 of evapotranspiration). Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area and the number of fruit bunches were observed. The soil used as substrate was an Argisol, sandy loam non saline. The irrigation was realized at two days interval and the quantity of water applied in each treatment was determined from water balance in function of Nr4 level. At the end of the study it was verified that the water stress caused significant effect in all studied variables, which indicates the sensibility of the crop to the low water content in the soil.

Activation of nitrate reductase of cashew leaf by exogenous nitrite

Nitrate reductase (NR) plays a central role in plant primary metabolism and exhibits complex regulation mechanisms for its catalytic activity. There is controversy in the literature concerning the possible direct effect of NO2- on the stimulation and/or activation of NR activity. The influence of NO2- was studied on the NR activity in the leaves of 30-day-old cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) seedlings. Addition of NO2- to the reaction mixture containing leaf enzymatic extract resulted in a remarkable increase in NR activity. A trace amount (5 mmol.L-1) of NO2- was required to achieve full NR activity. The in vitro NR-activity showed a steady time-dependent increase when incubated in the presence of only NO3- + NO2-. In contrast, in vitro NR activity was practically absent in a NO2- -free reaction medium, even in the presence of a saturating NO3- concentration. No oxidation of NO2- to NO3- was detected during the experiment. Although NO2- clearly activated the in vitro NR activity, it had no effect on the in vivo leaf-NR activity determined under absence of oxygen. NADH at concentrations greater than 0.5 mmol.L-1 decreased the rates of in vitro NR activity. These results indicated, at least partially, a strong cashew leaf NO2- dependency of NR activation and/or activity. Finally, based on these results, it is suggested that this singular NR activity model induced by exogenous NO2- in cashew leaf extracts is caused by changes in the NR activation state by NO2- itself.

Acumulação de íons e metabolismo de N em cajueiro anão em meio salino

The aim of this study was to identify the impact of salinity on ion accumulation and organic compounds related to N metabolism of dwarf cashew (CCP06). After 22 days of sowing. the plants were irrigated with nutrient solution free of (control) or supplied with 25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl, during 30 days. The salinity reduced total dry matter production without significantly affecting water content of leaves.The concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the tissues reached toxic level and that of K+ increased in shoot and decreased in roots. Increasing salinity decreased K+/Na+ ratios of both shoot and root. On the 10th day of experiment, symptoms of early senescence were observed and were associated with reduction of leaf total N (proteins) and contents of chlorophylls a and b with increase in contents of N-fractions such as proline and total soluble amino acids. The data indicate that dwarf cashew plants are sensitive to NaCl levels utilized probably due to strong disturbance in the ionic homoeostasis with implications on the general metabolism of N.

Influência do tempo de aclimatação na resposta do cajueiro à salinidade

The plant response to salinity depends on physiological, biochemical and genetic factors and on their interaction with external environment. This work aimed to study the impact of adaptation time in nutrient solution on the cashew response to salinity. Seedlings of Anacardium occidentale L (CCP06) grown in vermiculite, for 28 days, were placed to grow in 1/10 ionic strength Hoagland solution for 1 and 7 days. At the end of each time the solution was supplemented with 200 mM NaCl, and under this condition the plants were monitored for 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The 7 days Hoagland solution acclimated plants had physiological index more compatible to tolerance to NaCl such as low Na+ accumulation and also low membrane damage, lipid peroxidation, protein degradation and free amino acids and proline accumulation. The free ammonia was the best index to predict the salt stress intensity. Membrane damage increased with Na+ accumulation in the leaves. The results evidence that the root adaptation time in Hoagland solution has influence on the expression of factors capable to alleviate the salt stress effects.