Ricardo Lopes Dias da Costa

Supplementation of moist and dehydrated citrus pulp in the diets of sheep artificially and naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes on the parasitological parameters and performance.

The inclusion of industrial byproducts such as citrus pulp in the composition of animal diets has been widely recommended due to sustainability aspects and their high level of carbohydrates. Limonene is found in citrus pulp and has been described elsewhere as a major compound of citrus essential oils with excellent anthelmintic activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitological parameters of lambs artificially infected (Experiment 1) with Haemonchus contortus and naturally infected (Experiment 2) by gastrointestinal nematodes, fed diets with dehydrated citrus pulp or silage of moist orange pulp. Both experiments had three treatments (C: control, DP: diet+dehydrated citrus pulp, and MP: diet+silage of moist orange pulp). The diets were isoproteic (11% crude protein) and the concentrate was corrected every 14 days according to animal weight. Parasitological parameters were evaluated for both experiments each 14 days (body weight, body condition; fecal egg counts-FEC, egg hatch assay-EHA, coproculture, and packed cell volume-PCV). Analysis of variance (GLM of the SAS software) was performed with repeated measures in time, and the means were compared by the Tukey test. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to detect constituents of dry or moist citrus pulp. Dehydrated citrus pulp had 0.02% essential oil (major compounds were 85.9% limonene and 7.6% valencene). Moist orange pulp contained 1.5% essential oil (major compounds were 65.5% limonene and 31.2% alpha- and gamma-terpineol). In both experiments, the weight gain among the treatments was similar (p>0.05) demonstrating that both moist and dehydrated orange pulp can be used to replace corn kernels to feed infected lambs. The supplementation with orange pulp did not decrease natural or artificial infections of gastrointestinal nematodes according to the FEC results (p>0.05). However, PCV increased from animals fed dehydrated and moist pulp in natural infection (Experiment 2, p<0.05) in comparison with the control group. In addition, the consumption of the dehydrated citrus pulp from animals infected with H. contortus (Experiment 1) caused lower hatching rates after 42 days of consumption (p<0.05), suggesting a tendency to shed fewer eggs to the environment.

Morphometric Indices in Santa Ines Sheep

Los efectos de la estacion, ano de nacimiento, edad y sexo sobre indices morfometricos como: capacidad del cuerpo, indice corporal, indice del cuerpo, indice de anamorfosis, indice de compacidad y indice de proporcionalidad corporal fueron evaluados y fueran estimadas las correlaciones entre ellos. Se utilizaron ovejas Santa Ines desde el nacimiento hasta los 12 meses de edad, criadas en el norte del Estado de Rio de Janeiro. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas durante un periodo de tres anos, totalizando 2.601 observaciones. El ano de nacimiento, el sexo, la edad del animal y la interaccion entre ellos tuvo efectos (P<0,05) sobre los indices estudiados. A partir de las medidas corporales y de los niveles de compacidad se observo que los animales tienden a presentar conformacion mas compacta. Las correlaciones entre las medidas fueron altas y positivas. Los animales estudiados muestran una conformacion longilinea, tendiendo a compacto.

Effect of short term non-protein nitrogen feeding for superovulated beef cows without previous adaptation and at different periods of the oestrus cycle.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short term non-protein nitrogen feeding at different periods of the oestrus cycle in superovulated cows, without previous adaptation, on yield, quality and development degree of recovered embryos. A total of sixty-eight Nelore cows were distributed in three groups: the control group (C) and two groups with urea supply before (UB; urea supply from day -5 to day 0) and after (UA; supply from day 0 to day 5) artificial insemination. Animals were kept grazing and received 3.0 kg/animal/day of concentrate during 16 days. Two concentrates were formulated and the total diets (concentrate and estimate forage intake) showed 12.0% (control diet) and 14.6% (non-protein diet) of crude protein. Animals were synchronized, superovulated and inseminated. The embryos were collected and analysed seven days (day 7) after insemination (day 0). Blood samples were collected on days -5, 0 and 5 to determine concentration of plasmatic urea nitrogen, glucose, insulin and progesterone. The time of urea supply affected average plasmatic urea nitrogen concentration on days -5, 0 5 but it did not affect concetrations of glucose, insulin and progesterone. The moment of urea inclusion had effect on compact morula percentage in relation to the total number of structures (UB = 51.4 vs. UA = 15.3%), to the total number of fertilized oocytes (UB = 62.5 vs. UA = 30.6%) and to the total number of viable embryos (UB = 68.8 vs. UA = 38.6%). In the after insemination group of urea supply there was 70.2% of reduction on compact morula proportion over the total structures in relation to the group that received urea before insemination. Non-protein nitrogen feeding immediately after insemination promotes faster rates of embryo development.

Óleo de Neem (Azadirachta indica) nos parâmetros parasitológicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de ovinos naturalmente infectados por nematoides gastrintestinais

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the administration of Neem oil in reducing the values of feccal eggs counts in sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and protozoa, check the population dynamics of endoparasites by coprocultures and to evaluate the hematological and biochemical, weight gain and body condition score in grazing management conditions. Thirty two crossbred Santa Ines sheep were divided into two groups (C - Control and T - treated with Neem oil), according their weight, hematocrit and the number of eggs per gram of feces. The animals received 2.5 ml T kg-1 bodyweight of Neem oil with two oral administrations every 14 days. On the day of application and seven days after treatment were made stool tests. The variables analyzed were weight, body condition, hematological and biochemical tests were performed individually every fourteen days. The use of Neem oil (Azadirachtaindica), and the amount administered in this experiment, is not effective in controlling gastrointestinal endoparasites, causes no changes in hematological and biochemical standards and not compromise weight gain and body condition score of sheep.

Visual ELISA for detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in ewe serum.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of visual ELISA-PAG for early pregnancy diagnosis based on the presence of PAG (pregnancy-associated glycoprotein) using sheep blood serum. Experiment 1: 140 ewes were divided into three groups with different stages of pregnancy. In the first group, 41 pregnant ewes were sampled at 26, 28, 30, and 32 days of pregnancy; in the second group, 65 ewes (49 pregnant with 30 days and 16 non-pregnant) were sampled; in the third group, 34 non-pregnant ewes were sampled. Experiment 2: 10 pregnant ewes were sampled weekly from day 35 of gestation until day 70 post-partum to verify the total period in which PAG can be detected in the blood serum by the test. Transrectal ultrasound was used as a gold standard. The detection or non-detection of PAG was analyzed by the logistic model PROC GENMOD of SAS; differences were detected by the chi-squared test. In group 1, there were no differences between the results from 28, 30, and 32 days of gestation, but samples from 30 days were easier to interpret in comparison to 28 days, with a sensitivity of 97.56%. In the second group, using 65 sheep, visual ELISA-PAG showed 100% sensitivity and 93.75% specificity, which indicates the diagnosis of an animal as a false positive. In the third group, 97.06% of the sheep were confirmed as negative and 2.94% as positive, again indicating the presence of a false positive. In 100% of the sheep, the PAG remained in the blood circulation throughout the antepartum period until birth and seven days post-partum, declining thereafter. Based on our results, the visual ELISA-PAG is an effective method for the early diagnosis of pregnancy in sheep and can be performed from day 30 of gestation.

Reproductive performance of Santa Inês ewes fed protected fat diet

The objective of this work was to evaluate the reproductive performance of Santa Ines ewes fed a diet supplemented with protected fat. Intervals from lambing to first clinical estrus and to conception, conception rate, prolificacy, live weight and body condition were determined. After lambing, 60 ewes and their offsprings were weighted and randomly assigned to three treatments, based on age, body weight and number of born lambs. Treatments consisted of: control diet, or control diet plus 30 g of protected fat, from lambing to day 25 of post-lambing (Sup25), or to day 60 of post-lambing (Sup60). Out of 60 evaluated ewes, 93.3% returned to estrus, and 74.5% got pregnant, with 73.53% lambing rate and 196.5 days lambing interval. The average periods from lambing to first estrus were 32.4, 27.2 and 35.5 days for ewes fed the control diet, Sup25, and Sup60, respectively. The intervals from lambing to conception were 45.2, 46.5 and 45.2 days, and the supplemented diets did not show differences in comparison to the control diet. Supplementation with protected fat to well-nourished Santa Ines ewes does not improve their reproductive performance.

Automatic and manual Doppler velocimetry measurements of the uterine artery in pregnant ewes

We aimed to compare measurements of speed and blood flow parameters obtained manually and automatically in the uterine arteries of pregnant ewes. Eighteen Santa Inês ewes, confirmed to be pregnant, were followed every 2 weeks until parturition. The systolic peak (PS), end diastolic velocity (ED), maximum and average speed in the cardiac cycle (TAMAX and TAMEAN, respectively), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and the systole/diastole (S/D) ratio and body flow volume (BFV) was measured. We began the wave evaluation automatically, then the observer manually marked the beginning and end of the wave. To determine the differences between manual and automatic methods, a t-test was used for each of the study variables (PS, ED, TAMAX, TAMEAN, PI, RI, S/D, and BFV), with p<0.05 considered significant. Both methods were found to be effective for producing estimates for the variables analyzed. With the exception of the IP, IR and S/D (p<0.05), no significant differences were found between the methods. The manual method underestimated the PI (1.00±0.21×1.04±0.20), S/D (2.51±0.43×2.40±0.44) and RI (0.57±0.07×0.59±0.07) compared with the automatic method (p<0.05). The weakest correlations between methods were identified for the PI, RI and S/D variables (p<0.001). Manual evaluation allowed more accurate identification of the beginning and end of the systole and diastole, which may influence the outcome of some variables.