Ricardo Silveiro Balardin

Ribosomal DNA polymorphism in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Genetic divergence among 57 isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum collected in north, central and south America and The Netherlands was assessed on the basis of PCR-RFLP analysis and sequencing of the nuclear rDNA region of the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS 1 and ITS 2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene. A reproducible 0.58 kb fragment was amplified in all 57 isolates. Races of C. lindemuthianum formed two groups based on the restriction of the PCR-amplified ITS regions. Group I consisted mainly of Middle American races (65%), whereas 85% of Andean races belonged in group II. Genetic distances calculated from the sequence polymorphism in the rDNA region ranged from 0.2 to 1.8% among 14 isolates of C. lindemuthianum. The neighbour-joining and parsimony analyses of the sequence data showed no association of any particular ITS genotype with host gene pool, virulence or geographic origin of races. These data suggest that virulence can arise in different geographic areas at different times, independent of genetic background. Molecular polymorphism among isolates of races 7, 17, 31 and 73 collected in different countries was demonstrated by RFLP analysis of the ITS regions. A similar lack of agreement was observed in the sequence data between isolates of race 73 from Mexico and the United States and the Jukes—Cantor genetic distance between the isolates was large (0.9%). These findings support a level of molecular variability within C. lindemuthianum greater than the variability previously characterized by virulence analysis and suggest independent evolution of specific virulence patterns.

Elaboração e validação de escala diagramática para quantificação da mancha de isariopsis da videira

The lack of a standardized visual method may lead to inaccurate severity estimative and wrong conclusions. The objective of this research was to develop a diagrammatic scale to assess the severity of grape isariopsis leaf spot on grape, caused by Isariopsis clavispora. A diagrammatic scale with six levels of disease severity (1.60; 3.20; 6.60; 13.00; 24.10 e 40.24%) was developed and validated to assess grape isariopsis leaf spot. For validation, the severity of 30 leaves presenting different intensities of the disease was estimated by eight raters. Accuracy and precision were determined by linear regression and by the actual severity scale. This one provided good levels of accuracy and accuracy of visual estimation. The coefficient determination average was higher than 0.89, and absolute errors were lower than acceptable limits. The levels of accuracy, precision and reproducibility measurements of isariopsis leaf spot severity on grape significantly improved with the use of diagrammatic scale. The proposed diagrammatic scale proved to be adequate for severity assessments of grape isariopsis leaf spot.

Tratamento de sementes com fungicidas e inseticidas como redutores dos efeitos do estresse hídrico em plantas de soja

The objective of this research was evaluate four seed treatments: water (T1), carbendazim + thiram (T2), fipronil + thiophanate methyl + pyraclostrobin (T3) and abamectin + thiamethoxam + fludioxonil + mefenoxan + thiabendazole (T4) on growth parameters of soybean plants with or without low water availability. The experiments were conducted under field conditions and greenhouse. In greenhouse, in treatments without low water availability, it was made four irrigations by day and in treatments with low water availability, it was made one irrigation each three days. In this trial, it was evaluated the plant height, root length, root volume, dry shoot weight, dry root weight and foliar area. In the field trial, low water availability was established by construction of low tunnels of polyethylene which prevented the water supply by irrigation and rain. In the field, it was also evaluated the plant height, the relative chlorophyll content, emergence, lesser cornstalk borer attack and grain yield. In the both environment, the plants were kept on stress until 28th days after emergence. In greenhouse, all the parameters were influenced by seed treatments with or without low water availability. In field, the treatment with fipronil + thiophanate methyl + pyraclostrobin (T3) and abamectin + thiamethoxam + fludioxonil + mefenoxan + thiabendazole (T4) promoted higher plant height and relative chlorophyll content in both hydric schemes, higher emergence and grain yield in plants without and with lower water availability, respectively. It was concluded that seed treatment with these products promote benefit changes in plant, increasing its tolerance to hydric stress, with positive effect on soybean grain yield.The objective of this research was evaluate four seed treatments: water (T1), carbendazim + thiram (T2), fipronil + thiophanate methyl + pyraclostrobin (T3) and abamectin + thiamethoxam + fludioxonil + mefenoxan + thiabendazole (T4) on growth parameters of soybean plants with or without low water availability. The experiments were conducted under field conditions and greenhouse. In greenhouse, in treatments without low water availability, it was made four irrigations by day and in treatments with low water availability, it was made one irrigation each three days. In this trial, it was evaluated the plant height, root length, root volume, dry shoot weight, dry root weight and foliar area. In the field trial, low water availability was established by construction of low tunnels of polyethylene which prevented the water supply by irrigation and rain. In the field, it was also evaluated the plant height, the relative chlorophyll content, emergence, lesser cornstalk borer attack and grain yield. In the both environment, the plants were kept on stress until 28th days after emergence. In greenhouse, all the parameters were influenced by seed treatments with or without low water availability. In field, the treatment with fipronil + thiophanate methyl + pyraclostrobin (T3) and abamectin + thiamethoxam + fludioxonil + mefenoxan + thiabendazole (T4) promoted higher plant height and relative chlorophyll content in both hydric schemes, higher emergence and grain yield in plants without and with lower water availability, respectively. It was concluded that seed treatment with these products promote benefit changes in plant, increasing its tolerance to hydric stress, with positive effect on soybean grain yield.

Reação de cultivares e eficiência do controle químico de pulgões vetores do Barley yellow dwarf virus em trigo

Four experiments were carried out in Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, during the 2000 growing season, under field conditions, to evaluate the wheat cultivars reaction and efficiency of inseticides to reduce aphid vectors in the Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) incidence and damage. The majority of the aphids collected (75%) was Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus). Other three species of aphids were collected in lower numbers (25%). Only the Fundacep 31 cultivar showed positive reaction to sorological test ELISA, confirming the presence of BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV and BYDV-SGV viral species. Cultivars showed different responses, being classified as resistant (Fundacep 30, Fundacep 36 and Fundacep 37) and susceptible (Fundacep 31). Seed treatment with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in the dosage of 24.5g 100kg of seed-1, were effective to control BYDV aphid vectors, and these treatments were better than conventional 3 foliar sprays with chlorpyriphos. Dosages over 8.5g 100kg of seed-1 of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam avoided reduction in grain yields in wheat caused by the complex aphids-BYDV.

Influência do fósforo e do potássio na severidade da ferrugem da soja Phakopsora pachyrhizi

Influence of phosphorus and potassium on severity of soy bean rust, Phakopsora pachyrhizi Mineral nutrition on soybean might reduce the severity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi. “Embrapa 48” showed higher level of partial resistance than “Al 83” cultivars. Both cultivars were utilized in the trials. The cultivars were planted in plastic pots with sandy soil, clay and unburned rice husks (3:1:2). The treatments added to the substract were different levels of phosphorus and potassium. The plants were inoculated with uredospores of P. pachyrhizi at V2 and R5 stages, and rust severity evaluated at 14, 17, 21 and 25 days after inoculation. The disease progress rate was calculated. The results showed significant influence of plant nutrition, reducing both the final severity and disease progress rate as P and K level increased. The greatest reduction was observed at V2 stage. Greater disease reduction was observed at lower levels of �. The expression of partial resistance of both cultivars was influenced due to variation of P and K levels. Lower doses of P and K induced a greater difference in the latent period of the pathogen. The association of genetic cultivar background to mineral nutrition might result in an integrated management disease program, along with evasion and chemical protection strategies. Additional keywords: Plant disease management, mineral nutrition, genetic resistance.

Reaction of commercial germplasm of soybean to Colletotrichum truncatum

During the period between March, 2004 and January 2005, the reaction of 48 commercial cultivars of soybean to Colletotrichum truncatum was evaluated in the greenhouse facilities of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The seedlings were inoculated in the stadium V1/V2 . After inoculation, plants were kept in the greenhouse under a relative humidity of 95% for 10 days, before evaluation. After that period, the seedlings were evaluated to determine the reaction of cultivars. Seedlings were evaluated for disease reaction according to a scale with values from 1 to 9. Only the cultivars Tabarana, Cometa and Emgopa 316 showed to be susceptible to Colletotrichum truncatum.

Espectro de gotas de pulverização e controle da ferrugem-asiática-da-soja em cultivares com diferentes arquiteturas de planta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o espectro de gotas de pulverizacao ideal para o controle da ferrugem-asiatica-da-soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), em cultivares com diferentes arquiteturas de planta. O experimento foi conduzido na safra de 2009/2010. A aplicacao de fungicida (piraclostrobina + epoxiconazol, com oleo mineral) foi avaliada com quatro espectros de gotas de pulverizacao - muito fino, <119 μm; fino, 119 a 216 μm; medio, 217 a 352 μm; e grosso, 353 a 464 μm -, em quatro cultivares de soja (BMX Apollo RR, NA 7636 RR, Fcep 53 RR e TMG 4001 RR) contrastantes quanto a indice de area foliar, estatura de plantas e numero de ramos por planta. Foram quantificadas as variaveis: numero de gotas por cm2, diâmetro mediano volumetrico das gotas, area abaixo da curva de progresso da ferrugem-asiatica e produtividade da soja. A definicao do espectro de gotas a ser utilizado deve considerar a cultivar e as condicoes ambientais em que a pulverizacao sera realizada. A magnitude da protecao exercida pelo fungicida varia de acordo com a cobertura de plantas e a penetracao de gotas no dossel, proporcionada pelos diferentes espectros de gota. O espectro de gotas fino proporciona boa deposicao de gotas, controle da doenca e produtividade, independentemente da cultivar avaliada.

Avaliação da ativação de defesa em soja contra Phakopsora pachyrhizi em condições controladas

A efetividade da ativacao de defesa em diferentes cultivares de soja contra Phakopsora pachyrhizi proporcionada pelo fosfito, bem como sua associacao com fungicidas aplicados em diferentes epocas em relacao a inoculacao com o patogeno, foi estudada em condicoes de casa-de-vegetacao em dois ensaios conduzidos no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repeticoes. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o fosfito nao foi capaz de induzir a expressao dos mecansimos de defesa, uma vez que nao foi observada qualquer reducao na severidade, numero de pustulas.cm-2, e na Area Abaixo da Curva de Progresso de Doenca (AACPD), por conta da aplicacao do produto. O progresso da ferrugem foi mais lento na cultivar Fundacep 55 RR, que teve uma AACPD 53% menor do que a cultivar Fundacep 56 RR, a mais suscetivel. O fungicida epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina proporcionou uma reducao na AACPD de 29%, quando comparado ao emprego do triazol isolado na media das epocas de aplicacao. As aplicacoes mais proximas da inoculacao e preventivas foram mais efetivas do que aquelas realizadas de forma muito precoce ou muito tardia em relacao a infeccao das plantas pelo patogeno. Os resultados indicaram que o fosfito nao induziu resistencia em soja contra P. pachyrhizi, e que houve variacao na resistencia parcial a ferrugem por parte das cultivares e na efetividade dos fungicidas entre si e quanto ao momento em que os mesmos sao aplicados.

Reação de germoplasma crioulo de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Sixty genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) from the Meso-American and Andean gene pool were evaluated in 2003 and 2004 at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Host genetic structure was evaluated based on the reaction of the sixty genotypes, in the juvenile state (V1/V2) to 12 physiological races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The phenetic analysis was generated from virulence data considering incompatible and compatible reactions. Lower resistance index was observed. However, complex resistance was found in some genotypes. Higher genetic variability for resistance to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum was observed in the Andean than the Meso-American germplasm.

Deposição de gotas no dossel e controle químico de Phakopsora pachyrhizi na soja

Drop deposition on soybean canopy with three spray nozzles and chemical control programs of asian soybean rust were evaluated in two soybean cultivars, in a study carried out in Itaara, RS. The treatments were arranged under completely randomized block design with four replications, in a factorial design 2 x 3 x 3, utilizing two soybean cultivars, three spray nozzles and three chemical control programs. The fungicide applications were accomplished in R1 and R4 growth stages. Drop density, volumetric medium diameter (VMD), leaf area index (LAI), disease severity and grain yield were the variables measured. Based on the severity data of asian rust the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. The spray nozzles studied were significantly different in relation to drop deposition on soybean canopy, VMD, AUDPC and grain yield. The soybean grain yield was increased by 53.17% on Asgrow 8000 RG and 29.89% on Agiara RR cultivar, as a result of fungicide application. The LAI of cultivars influenced drop deposition and penetration into canopy.