Richard Bogenberger

Traffic Shaping for Resource-Efficient In-Vehicle Communication

In-vehicle communication has become complex and costly due to the growing number of automotive network systems applied for different data types. In this work, our previously proposed in-vehicle network architecture that is based on Internet protocol (IP) and full-duplex switched Ethernet (IP/Ethernet) is further investigated for real-time audio and video streaming. Quality-of-service (QoS) and resource usage are analyzed for selected IP/Ethernet-based network topologies. Traffic shaping is used to reduce the required network resources and consequently the cost. A novel traffic shaping algorithm is presented that outperforms other traffic shapers in terms of resource usage when applied to variable bit rate video sources in the proposed double star topology. In addition, a new architecture design is introduced for traffic shaper implementation in switches which operates on a per stream basis. Analytical and simulation results confirm that the proposed network architecture with traffic shaping is well-adapted for in-vehicle communication.

A Novel Network Architecture for In-Vehicle Audio and Video Communication

In-vehicle audio/video communication has recently received considerable attention in the automotive industry. First, because of the increasing number of audio/video oriented nomadic devices in the consumer electronic market and the requirement to integrate them in the car. Second, because the number of real-time audio/video based driver assistance systems is growing fast. So far, the interconnection of in-vehicle stream oriented devices has been performed by different and proprietary, automotive oriented network systems with limited transmission capacities. Ethernet provides good conditions for audio/video streaming, due to its high transmission capacity. But it unfortunately fails in providing adequate QoS. In this work, a new network architecture for in-car audio/video communication based on the Ethernet technology is introduced and solutions are proposed to extend Ethernet with QoS guarantees while keeping its cost low.

Coexistence of Time-Triggered and Event-Triggered Traffic in Switched Full-Duplex Ethernet Networks

In the recent years, the Ethernet technology has grown rapidly, mainly due to its applicability in local area networks. High data rates, low cost, collision reduction with the full-duplex approach and the elimination of chaining limits inherent in hubbed Ethernet networks have made the switched Ethernet a dominant network technology. Although the switch technology has improved significantly, the delays appearing in the switches are still not acceptable for time critical applications. This is specially the case when several cascaded switches are applied. Within the scope of developing a new network architecture for the in-vehicle communication, the time constraints of a switched Ethernet network are addressed in this paper. In order to comply with the delay bounds of time critical applications in the automotive field, a cost-effective approach is proposed and analyzed for several cascaded switches.

A 100GHz Bandwidth Matched Chip to PCB Transition Using Bond Wires for Broadband Matching

A transition between a microstrip line on a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) made of silicon and a microstrip line edged on a printed circuit board (PCB) consisting of Rogers 3003 substrate is presented. This transition uses a specially designed an optimized arrangement of bonding wires to achieve a matched bandwidth of nearly 100 GHz. this extremely large bandwidth is needed for applications in frequency flexible or very broad band systems [S. Trotta et al., 2007] or for ultra high frequency devices [2] to be operated on a PCB, which is mandatory for commercial usage. The parasitic inductance of a bond wire does not become a problem at moderate frequencies. Newer technologies like automotive radar [B. Dehlin et al., 2006], [S. Trotta et al., 2007] or point to point transmitters operate at several dozens of gigahertz. At these frequencies connections by bond wires represent a major problem, because the impedance of the bond wire increases approximately linearly with frequency [Sang-Ki Yun et al., 1995]. Equation (1) shows that even moderate inductances provoke very large impedances at a frequency of 100 GHz, hindering efficient transmission of waves. The dramatic influence of these inductances, even for frequencies as moderate as 10 GHz, is shown in [A. Chandrasekhart et al., 2003].

A vision for the in-car network

A universal and barrier-free in-car network in which all ECUs are connected with one another through an overall network: this is the task. BMW aims to address this challenge with a convergence layer for communications throughout the car. To this end, the Internet Protocol (IP) is particularly well suited as a common basis for in-car communication. In order to demonstrate the theory in practice, BMW Forschung und Technik GmbH assembled a test vehicle (BMW 530d), fitted with an IP-based in-car network. Both entertainment and driver assistance applications and real-time communications applications were connected using IP.

Analysis of a novel antenna array for vehicular reception of Ku-Band satellite signals

A fast-growing percentage of vehicles are connected by mobile data service technologies. Up to now most of these connections are based on cellular phone standards. The drawbacks of this method to connect the vehicles are: The limited availability of the underlying data networks and the amount of parallel point to point connections needed to cover all users with extensively similar data. A novel approach to overcome these issues is using a ubiquitously available broadcast medium for general downlink data. For this medium the Ku-Band satellite link has been chosen, as it is well developed, ubiquitously available and cheap compared to other satellite broadcast services. The general advantage of broadcasts is that spectrum has to be bought only once, even for thousands of receiving vehicles. Up to now the receiving antenna for the vehicle hindered integration in commercial cars. The problem resulted from a lack of gain, reliability or from inappropriately large manufacturing expenses. This document proposes an array that overcomes these issues and lists the simulation results for a rectangular array of thirty-six elements.

Vision für das Bordnetz

Ein universelles und barrierefreies Bordnetzes, in dem alle Steuergerate uber ein einheitliches Netzwerk mitei nander verbunden sind, lautet das Ziel. Die BMW Group will dies auf Basis des Internet-Protokolls (IP) als einheitlichem Kommunikationsstandard realisieren. Fur den praktischen Nachweis wurde bei der BMW Forschung und Technik GmbH ein Versuchsfahrzeug auf Basis eines BMW 530d mit einem IP-basierten Bordnetz aufgebaut. Dabei wurden sowohl Applikationen aus den Bereichen Entertainment, Fahrerassistenzsysteme als auch aus dem Bereich Echtzeitkommunikation auf IP umgesetzt.