Richard Child Hill

The Nested City: Introduction

The papers in this Special Issue of Urban Studies were originally prepared for presentation at an international conference on “City, State and Region in a Global Order” held in Hiroshima, Japan, in December 1998. Conference organisers were sceptical about claims that globalisation was forcing convergence in social patterns among the world’s major cities: for example, the thesis that New York, London and Tokyo are converging on a global city model that transcends national and regional location (Sassen, 1991; Taylor, 1995), or the claim that Los Angeles’ ‘post-modern’ institutional and spatial mix models the future world metropolis (Soja, 1989; Miller, 2000). The re-appearance of convergence theories seemed particularly egregious when viewed from the vantage-point of great cities in highly urbanised, non-Western regions of the world, like Pacific Asia. The world’s major cities are, indeed, key participants in the globalisation process: providing infrastructure and expertise that enable corporations to co-ordinate and control their far-flung activities, serving as prime sites for incoming and outgoing foreign investment, and operating as central nodes for the international transmission of all kinds of information. But is it valid to draw inferences about a city’s economic base, spatial organisation and social structure from these ‘global’ facts alone? Cities are embedded in multilevel spatial and institutional configurations. Those configurations are changing and the global level is taking on added weight relative to other scales of organisation. But global variables are not the ‘decisive’ determinants of urban form and functioning. The whole multilevel configuration in which the city is nested, including, most especially, the nation-state and region of the world, must be taken into account. The studies presented in these pages leave no doubt as to the continued importance of nation and region in east Asian urban development and they point the way towards a richer and more nuanced programme of comparative, multilevel, urban research. In this respect, this Special Issue of Urban Studies joins the recent turn towards variation, contradiction and complexity in globalisation studies (Hay and Marsh, 2000).

Locating neoliberalism in East Asia : neoliberalizing spaces in developmental states

List of Contributors vii Series Editors Preface x 1 Introduction: Locating Neoliberalism in East Asia 1 Richard Child Hill, Bae-Gyoon Park, and Asato Saito 2 Industry Clusters and Transnational Networks: Japan s New Directions in Regional Policy 27 Kuniko Fujita and Richard Child Hill 3 State-Space Relations in Transition: Urban and Regional Policy in Japan 59 Asato Saito 4 Developmental Neoliberalism and Hybridity of the Urban Policy of South Korea 86 Byung-Doo Choi 5 Spatially Selective Liberalization in South Korea and Malaysia: Neoliberalization in Asian Developmental States 114 Bae-Gyoon Park and Josh Lepawsky 6 Clusters as a Policy Panacea? Critical Reflections on the Cluster Policies of South Korea 148 Yong-Sook Lee 7 Moving toward Neoliberalization? The Restructuring of the Developmental State and Spatial Planning in Taiwan 167 Chia-Huang Wang 8 Neoliberalism, the Developmental State, and Housing Policy in Taiwan 196 Yi-Ling Chen and William Derhsing Li 9 Reforming Health: Contrasting Trajectories of Neoliberal Restructuring in the City-States 225 Stephen W.K. Chiu, K.C. Ho, and Tai-lok Lui 10 Detroit of the East : A Multiscalar Case Study of Regional Development Policy in Thailand 257 Richard Child Hill and Kuniko Fujita 11 Concluding Remarks 294 Bae-Gyoon Park and Asato Saito Index 303

Deindustrialization in the Great Lakes

Deindustrialization-its nature, extent, and implications—is a widely debated public issue in the United States. In this article we review the arguments and discuss criteria for gauging deindustrialization in a locality, region, or nation. We then present findings that indicate the Great Lakes region is experiencing deindustrialization. The region is undergoing a structural decline in manufacturing; it claims a shrinking share of the nations industrial employment; and employment growth in other sectors of the regional economy has not compensated for job loss in manufacturing. The debate about appropriate government responses to deindustrialization has subsided at the federal level, but industrial policy is still a vital issue on many state and local agendas in the Great Lakes.

State Restructuring and Local Power in Japan

Western understanding of the post-war evolution of states in advanced capitalist societies envisions a moment of fundamental transition beginning in the mid 1970s and indexed by reduced government spending, the privatisation of public services and increased inequality among local governments. Regulation theory sees the process as a transition from a Keynesian welfare state to a Schumpeterian workfare state necessitated by the shift from a Fordist to a post-Fordist regime of capital accumulation. Japan, a member of the OECD, and the worlds second-largest economy, fits neither the political-economic trends nor the model put forward by Western regulation theorists. Japan has not experienced the decline in state spending, the privatisation of public activity or the rising inequality among local governments that characterises Western OECD nations. The Japanese have selectively incorporated Keynesian and Schumpeterian ideas, but in a spirit much closer to that of writers associated with the German historical school, and always within a framework rooted in Japans own historical traditions and exigencies. We document Japans departure from the Western model of state restructuring and explore the theoretical implications.

The zero waste city: Tokyo's quest for a sustainable environment

Abstract This paper examines efforts to remake Tokyo, the worlds largest megalopolis, into an ecologically sustainable city. The analysis is framed by two visions: a general model of eco-effectiveness derived from industrial ecology and an empirically grounded conception of a zero waste city rooted in the lean production practices of Japanese firms and extended beyond the firm to the city by government policies. We specifically focus on Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) programs to reduce waste and especially greenhouse gases. We also examine how TMGs environmental efforts have been shaped by local politics and by the citys relations with the central state. Tokyos environmental efforts are impressive but they still fall far short of ecological sustainability. The zero waste city is ultimately a political project and Japanese are still divided over how to prioritize and integrate economic growth and environmental quality goals. The eco-effective, zero waste model envisions transforming the current trade-off between economic development and environmental well-being into a virtuous circle whereby environmental improvements can be achieved through new urban designs, technologies, products, jobs and economic growth. The divisions between advocates of growth and conservation are in fact blurring in Japan. But the Tokyo experience suggests that vibrant political leadership and vigorous government action will be required to accomplish this symbiosis.

Auto Industrialization in Southeast Asia: National Strategies and Local Development

This article investigates transnational production organization, national industrial strate gies, and local development in the Southeast Asian automobile industry. We investigate tech nology transfer and localization of production among subsidiaries in Toyota Motor Corporations ASEAN production network in relation to national and regional industrial and trade policies. Our findings suggest (1) there is an ongoing, incremental transfer in products and processes, which is (2) underpinning a growing ASEAN middle class, and (3) a post keiretsu network among Japanese and indigenous companies in the region. Future directions in the ASEAN automobile industry are also assessed.

Industrial Districts and Economic Development in Japan: The Case of Tokyo and Osaka

Dynamics in the world economy since the 1970s have provoked a debate between proponents of industrial district and corporate dualism theories of economic change. This article investigates how well the two theories fit economic development trajectories in Tokyo and Osaka and draws lessons for North American economic revitalization efforts. District and dualism analysts both claim Japanese industrial organization fits their thesis. Findings by Japanese researchers and results from our own field work suggest that Japans development pattern (a) combines elements emphasized in both theories, but (b) district theory fits contemporary Tokyo and Osaka much better than dualism. Place-based, small-firm networks, supported by local institutions and strategic government policies, have been a vital ingredient in Japans manufacturing success. The range of internationally effective competitive strategies is thus wider and more fluid than what the new dualism theorists allow.

Market, State, and Community National Urban Policy in the 1980s

In this article, central elements making up national urban policy are reviewed and evaluated critically in light of the assumptions New Federalists make about market, state, and community. It is argued that the key challenge for urban theory and urban policy in the 1980s is to reconcile economic planning with political democracy in the city.

Osaka's Asia Linkages Strategy: Regional Integration in East Asia, Local Development in Japan

Foreign direct investment by Osakas manufacturing firms has not boomeranged to hollow out the citys industrial base or stifled development opportunities in recipient countries. Osaka development officials assume transfer of capital and technology overseas should be connected to a strategy of industrial upgrading at home. Osakas industrial strategies target the problems facing small and medium-sized producers and are couched within more encompassing national and regional development models. Developmental state institutions plus a dynamic and complementary regional division of labor enable Japanese cities to maintain a leading economic position in the Asia Pacific Rim while stimulating industrialization in the less developed Asian countries.

Environmental Politics in Japan: Networks of Power and Protest

List of figures and tables Preface 1. Growth versus the environment in Japan 2. Visions and realities of growth 3. Protest and policy change 4. Movement startups 5. Protest against landfill No. 8 6. Under the machine 7. The Governor gives in 8. Contested consensus 9. Pyrrhic victories 10. Power, protest, and political change Appendix 1: Meso-networks and macro-structures Appendix 2: Oita Prefecture and Japan National Growth and environmental key events: 1955-1980 Appendix 3: Pollution legislation at prefectural and national levels: 1964-1985 References Index.