Richard E. Andrus

Attempting restoration of wet tropical forests in Costa Rica

In southwestern Costa Rica, where the wet tropical forests have been seriously degraded to make way for pasture, many pasturelands are now idle or are coming up in scrub. Plantations of exotic species of trees in monocultures are the usual methods at obtaining forest cover. This report describes progress in an effort to show that restoration of wet native forest can be stimulated by planting mixed stands of native hardwoods. On a private reserve of 145 ha of abandoned pastureland, mixed stands have been established, involving up to 41 native species in the period since 1993. Sunloving species are growing as much as 3.1 m/year in height, and have exceeded 10 cm dbh in 5 years. Mixed stands of indigenous species are proposed as an alternative to monocultures, providing a possible source of income for small farmers, stabilizing the soil and stimulating the restoration of biodiversity.

Sphagnum lindbergii Schimp. in Lindb. and Other New Records of Sphagnum in Geothermal Fens, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA

Abstract. Fens that formed over acidic geothermal springs in Yellowstone National Park support species of Sphagnum previously unknown or rare in the Rocky Mountain region of the US. These taxa are more common in boreal regions of North America. During our research on the biodiversity of fens in Yellowstone we identified four species of Sphagnum new to the state of Wyoming: Sphagnum lindbergii Schimp. in Lindb., Sphagnum riparium Ångstr., Sphagnum fimbriatum Wils. & Hook. in Hook., and Sphagnum capillifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw. Acidic geothermal fens are similar to iron fens reported in other parts of the Rocky Mountains; they support many rare and disjunct Sphagnum species. Acid geothermal fens and iron fens appear to function as links between floras of the southern Rocky Mountains and boreal regions.

The Sphagna of Hawaii

Three species of Sphagnum are reported for the Hawaiian Islands: S. henryense Warnst., S. palustre L., and S. wheeleri C. Mueller. Sphagnum henryense is reported for the first time from the Hawaiian Islands. One species formerly reported for Hawaii, Sphagnum vitjianum Schimper (= S. perichaetiale Hampe) is excluded. Sphagnum occurs naturally only on two islands: Maui and Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands are the most remote high volcanic islands in the world. This, along with their small size and tropical setting, suggests that the nat- ural dispersal and successful establishment of Sphagnum would be difficult. Not surprisingly, the Hawaiian Islands have a depauperate Sphagnum flora. Bartram (1933) listed only two species: S. pal- ustre L. (a temperate species having an amphiatlan- tic and amphipacific distribution) and S. wheeleri C. Mueller (endemic to Maui). Andrews (1941) placed S. wheeleri in synonomy with S. compactum DC (a widespread temperate species), primarily be- cause the morphology of the chlorophyll cells and the branch leaf pseudopores were basically identical in both taxa. Consequently, the most recent check- list of Hawaiian mosses (Hoe 1974) cited S. com- pactum and S. palustre as being present. A third species S. vitjianum Schimper (= S. perichaetiale Hampe) was reported by Hoe (1978). With the significant increase in knowledge of the genus as well as a growing interest in the ecology of these plants, an updated treatment appears appro- priate. In this paper we provide a revision of the Sphagnum flora of the Hawaiian Islands. We find three species to be present: S. henryense Warnst., S. palustre, and S. wheeleri. Sphagnum henryense is a new record for the Islands. Sphagnum wheeleri is recognized as being distinct from S. compactum. Sphagnum vitjianum (= S. perichaetiale) is exclud- ed from the flora.

Sphagnotheca Boreali-americana: Fascicle IV

Four more North American species are distributed and published herein giving a total of 62 species for Fascicles I-IV. Included is the isotype for Sphagnum andersonianum Andrus. Sphagnum junghuhnianum Dozy and Molk. from British Columbia and its relationships to other Acutifolia are discussed. Sphagnum austinii Sull. is noted as the correct name for No. 189, already issued as S. carlottae Andrus nov. sp.

Update on Sphagnum perichaetiale in New Zealand

Abstract Sphagnum perichaetiale is documented on the South Island, with two morphotypes being found. One morphotype occurs above water level and has an orange‐brown‐red pigmentation. The second occurs in standing water, is very robust, and has a brown‐green‐grey pigmentation.

Sphagnum alaskense, A New Species from Western North America

Abstract Sphagnum alaskense Andrus & Janssens, sp. nov. is described as a new species in section Sphagnum. It is a weakly to moderately minerotrophic species occurring from Alaska south to the state of Washington. Sphagnum alaskense differs from S. centrale on the basis of weak or absent stem cortical cell fibrils, branch chlorophyll cells lacking thickened end walls in transverse section, and branch leaf hyaline cells often with ridges running parallel to the long axis of the leaf where the hyaline cells overlap the overlying chlorophyll cells.

Sphagnotheca Boreali-americana: A New Exsiccata of North American Sphagna North of Mexico

Publication of a new North American Sphagnum exsiccata is announced. Fascicle 1, consisting of 50 numbers, is published concurrently with this publication. Recent upsurge of interest in Sphagnum in North America has created a definite need for a new set of carefully collected and verified duplicate specimens embodying the most recent taxonomic thinking. Under the title Sphagnotheca Boreali-americana, such a set will be issued in several fascicles, the first fascicle is published concurrently with this paper. Several previous exsiccatae covering a similar geographic area have concentrated partially or solely on Sphagnum. Sullivants (1845) Musci Alleghaniensis contained 10 numbers of Sphagnum, among them the types of S. strictum Sull., S. molle Sull., and S. tabulare Sull. Sullivant and Lesquereuxs (1856) Musci Boreali-americana, Edition One, contained 19 collections of Sphagnum including the types of S. lescurii Sull., S. cyclophyllum Sull. & Lesq. and S. tenerum Sull. & Lesq. while Edition Two (Sullivant & Lesquereux, 1865) had 23 numbers of Sphagnum. Geographically, these exsiccatae were limited mostly to eastern United States, and in some cases, collections for the same number were gathered from several locations (Sayre, 1971). Because of this, in several instances, more than one taxon may be found under the same number. In the early 1890s, Faxon distributed a number of collections under the title North American Sphagna. However, these were often collected at different times and places, thus they cannot be considered as true duplicates (Sayre, 1971). Soon after distribution of these collections, Faxon collaborated with Eaton to produce the Sphagna Borealiamericana Exsiccata (Eaton & Faxon, 1896), which consisted of 172 numbers issued in 60 sets. Only three of these, however, came from western North America. The usefulness of the Eaton and Faxon exsiccata is further impeded by currently outmoded species concepts, the limited number of species, and several mixed collections. Thirty-nine species were listed by Eaton and Faxon, but the species concepts employed by us, would expand this to 45; substantially less than the 60+ species actually present in North America. Nearly all of the missing species are ecologically important in some portion of their North American distribution. 1 We thank Stanley J. Smith and Norton G. Miller for their contribution of one number to Fascicle 1. The exsiccata has been funded in part by grants from the National Defense Education Act, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry and Department of Botany, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. 2 Environmental Studies Program, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, New York, U.S.A. 3 Department of Botany, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.58 on Sun, 11 Dec 2016 04:31:30 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1975] ANDRUS & VITT: SPHAGNOTHECA BOREALI-AMERICANA 65 Between 1893 and 1900, Waghorne also distributed a number of Sphagnum duplicates from Newfoundland and Labrador. Although the collections, due to the variable nature of partially handwritten labels, may not be uniform and therefore cannot be considered as portions of a true exsiccata, they remain historically important because of the inclusion of the types of S. waghornei Warnst. and S. tenuifolium Warnst. Sphagnotheca Boreali-americana will be issued in fascicles of 50 numbers with a total of 50 sets distributed as follows: AAS (BIRM), ABLS, ALA, ALTA, B, BA, BM, BP, BR, C, CANM, CHR, CINC, COLO, DUKE, F, FH, FLAS, G, GL, H, HERB-HOE, HIRO, JE, L, LD, LE, MEL, MICH, MIN, MO, MSC, NFLD, NICH, NY, O, PAC, PC, PR, S, SASK, S.U.N.Y. at Syracuse, TENN, TNS, U, UAC, UBC, US, WIS, WTU. All collections have been verified by the authors and carefully checked over to avoid mixed collections. For many species several numbers have been included to show the range of morphological variation encountered in different geographic and ecologic situations. Although Fascicle 1 contains collections primarily from Alberta and New York, careful attention has been given to broad geographic representation, and the complete set will contain substantial input from southeastern United States and other portions of western Canada, as well as numbers from other areas. Publication date for Fascicle 1 is concurrent with issuance of this number of The Bryologist, the date of accession into the University of Alberta herbarium. The following list itemizes the numbers in Fascicle 1.

Sphagnum atlanticum, a new species from eastern North America

Abstract Sphagnum atlanticum is distinguished from S. torreyanum by its well-enclosed branch leaf chlorophyll cells, less well-differentiated stem cortex, stronger brown pigmentation and a flatter capitulum. Sphagnum atlanticum also has falcate-secund branch leaves whereas those of S. torreyanum are straight.

Sphagnum oregonense sp. nov. from western North America

Abstract Sphagnum oregonense is described as a new species in section Subsecunda from the state of Oregon, U.S.A. It differs from other North America Subsecunda in lacking commissural pores on either surface of the branch leaf hyaline cells, having instead as many as five free pores on the convex surface of the hyaline cells.

Two New Taxa of Sphagnum in Section Cuspidata

Sphagnum rubroflexuosum, sp. nov is reported from western Pennsylvania, U.S.A. and is distinguished from related S. recurvum s.l. species by its 3-10 pores per cell on the convex branch leafsurface. Sphagnum flexuosum var. ramosissimum, var. nov. is recognized by having up to seven branches per fascicle. In the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau region of northern Pennsylvania, there have been found two curious new Sphagnum taxa in the S. recurvum sen- su lato group of Section Cuspidata. One of these taxa was noticed in the field because, unlike any other Cuspidata, it lacked brown coloration yet showed a distinct pale pink color in the branches. The other taxon was later recognized on the basis of its unique (for the Cuspidata) characteristic of having up to seven branches per fascicle.