Richard F. Hamilton

Education and Job Attitudes among Blue-Collar Workers:

This paper presents national survey evidence from the 1972-1973 Michigan Quality of Employment Survey on the relationship between education and work satisfaction among blue-collar workers. Special attention is paid to the job outlooks of manual workers with one or more years of college education (who constitute approximately one-fifth of the white, male blue-collar category). Contrary to a common expectation, but consistent with previous research on the topic, the data show that among blue-collar workers, education and job satisfaction are not significantly related. Evidence on other aspects of attitudes towards work is also presented and discussed.

The Parti Québécois Comes to Power: An Analysis of the 1976 Quebec Election *

Never before has a federal or provincial election in Canada been as fraught with consequences as the election of November 1976 in Quebec. This paper tries to come to an understanding of this major event. The analysis we present is articulated around a set of five propositions. First, the creation and development of the Parti qudbecois, as a new political party, would not have taken place were it not for the prior emergence of the independence cause and the many movements it stimulated. Without that cause and the mobilized contingents devoted to it, the PQ would not have been created in the first place. Second, it was the cause of independence which, very early, provided the PQ with its core of militants and supporters. Since then it has added to that core, but the additions have been relatively small, given the slow growth of the independence forces proper. To be sure, from the beginning, other motivating elements were also involved, but independence was the key element. Third, it is also the independence issue which led to the particularly strong bipolarization ofthe electorate between the Liberals and the PQ in the election of 1973 and thus contributed to the shrinking of all other party forces to a mere 15 per cent of the popular vote. In so doing, this issue set the stage for the election of 1976 as a contest between two main contenders, the Liberals and the PQ. But, fourth, the growth of popular support for the PQ, as early as 1970 and 1973, but particularly so in 1976, cannot be accounted for by reference to the independence cause alone. In particular, what made the difference between the PQ victory in 1976 and its previous defeats rests on factors other than independence. Very succinctly, these factors can

American Sociology Rewrites Its History

Sociology textbooks written over the course of the twentieth century provide surprisingly different portraits of the fields origins. Spencer once held a stellar position but is now treated negatively. Marx was once treated negatively but now holds a stellar position. In the 1990s, Harriet Martineau, a prominent nineteenth-century publicist, was announced as a founder. Alexis de Tocqueville received little attention at any time. Some important contemporary sociologists receive very little attention. Questions are raised about the adequacy of this performance.

Coming of Age – A Comparison of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany / Volljährigkeit und Schulabschluß – Ein Vergleich zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

Zusammenfassung Die Studie untersucht das Verhalten der westdeutschen und amerikanischen Jugend der frühen 60er Jahre und stellt es dem derselben Alterskohorte zu Ende des Jahrzehnts gegenüber. Hinsichtlich der Berufs- und Beschäftigungsmuster, die jeweils zur Ausprägung kamen, konnten für die entsprechenden Länder erstaunliche Gleichförmigkeiten aufgezeigt werden; die Prozesse hingegen, die dieses Ergebnis bewirkten, erwiesen sich als von auffälliger Unterschiedlichkeit. Es werden Überlegungen angestellt, die diesen Befund erklären sollen. Abstract The activities of West German and American youth in the early 1960’s are examined and contrasted with the activities of these same cohorts at the end of that decade. A remarkable similarity in the occupational patterns of the two countries was found. There were, nevertheless, some striking differences observed in the processes through which these “end results” were achieved. Some speculations are offered as to the consequences of these differences in process.

Attitudes belliqueuses en matière de politique étrangère. Quels sont les véritables partisans des solutions dures au Vietnam

Richard Hamilton, James D. Wright : Unterstutzung einer « harten » Aussen politik in der offentlichen Meinung. ; Im Zusammenhang mit Lipsets These des working class authoritarianism (1959) wird die offentliche Unterstutzung der Bombardierung der Mandschurei im Jahre 1952 und die Eskalade im Vietnamkrieg von 1964 bis 1968 diskutiert. Auf Grund der Lipsetschen Formulierung wurde man erwarten, dass die « harten » oder « punitiv » politischen Einstellungen von den weniger gebildeten, den Minderbemittelten, den Aelteren und der Arbeiterklasse unterstutzt wurden. Der Koreakrieg 1952 und der Vietnamkrieg 1964 zeigen gerade das Gegenteil. In beiden Fallen wurden die « harten » Lusungen meist von den sozialen Oberschichten bevorzugt. 1968 bestand jedoch kein fester Zusammenhang zwischen bevorzugter politischen Einstellung und Gesellschaftsklasse. Es zeigt sich, dass sich dieser Zusammenhang von 1964 bis 1968 fast vollig verliert, da die soziale Oberschicht von der Losung der Eskalade abging. Diese Meinungsanderung wurde ihrerseits moglich, da diese Oberschicht mehr der Presse zuganglich wurde, die selbst radikal ihre Meinung zum Kriegsausgang zwischen 64 und 68 geandert hatte. Die Folgerungen dieser Ergebnisse fur die These des Klassenautoritarismus und die Massengesellschaftstheorie werden erortert.

Things not known

Discovery and reporting are probably the two most important tasks facing responsible intellectuals. A serious problem appears, however, in regard to the linkage of the two efforts. Some authors provide conclusions without having undertaken the prior task of investigation. The problem appears in many works of popular writers, biographers, historians, social scientists, journalists, and free-lance commentators. Responsible intellectuals should reject such procedures but with remarkable frequency many authors continue to provide what may, appropriately, be termed ‘declared truths’.

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As far as we know, this is the first report demonstrating gradual appearance of Fanconi syndrome in an infant with cystinosis. The excellent studies of Brodehl et al. previously demonstrated a disturbed phosphate reabsorption and hyperaminoaciduria already at the age of 41⁄2 mo [4,5]. These studies, however, did not provide longitudinal data on the development of Fanconi syndrome. Although this is a single case, our observation indicates differential sensitivity of apical proximal tubular transporters to cystine accumulation, which contrasts with the rapid appearance of disturbed tubular transport after CDME loading [2]. A gradual deterioration of the proximal tubular function is unexpected when ATP depletion is the seminal cause of the disorder. A detailed study of energy metabolism in human cystinotic tissues, including proximal tubular cells derived from urine [6], is required to elucidate whether mitochondrial ATP synthesis is disturbed in cystinosis. Our report illustrates that the diagnosis of cystinosis can be missed in a young infant. Because our patient was the sibling of a patient with cystinosis and had signs of proximal tubular dysfunction, the diagnosis of cystinosis was highly suspected. However, ML cystine content being within the heterozygote range did not allow us to make the diagnosis. Finally, a diagnosis of cystinosis was made at the age of 6 mo due to the

Decisions for War, 1914–1917: The Great War: A Review of the Explanations

World War I, once called the Great War, seems to defy explanation. Why did it happen? Numerous books on the subject carry the words “causes” or “origins” in their titles. The literature on the subject is extensive, probably the largest for any war in human history. To address that basic question, a review of wars over the previous three centuries proves useful. And for this purpose a key term, world war, needs definition. We define a world war as one involving five or more major powers and with military operations on two or more continents. Since central Europe tore itself apart during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), eight wars fit this definition. They are the War of the Grand Alliance, 1689–97; the War of the Spanish Succession, 1701–14; the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740–48; the Seven Years’War, 1756–63; the French RevolutionaryWars, 1792–1802; the Napoleonic Wars, 1803–15; then, after a ninety-nine-year interlude, WorldWar I, 1914–18; and, two decades later,WorldWar II, 1939–45. Following our definition and within this time span, the “Great War” was actually World War VII. Those wars were massive and destructive. We have one crude measure of their “intensity,” defined as “total battle fatalities suffered by the involved great powers per million of European population.” Of the first six struggles, the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) were by far the largest, with a fatality rate of 16,112. By this measure, the Great War was much more destructive at 57,616. That “intensity” was far exceeded in World War II at 93,665. Twenty-three smaller wars were fought within Europe between 1815 and 1914, these

Beyond the cocoon: some plain talk about careers.

After many years spent in the protected, rather cocoon-like environment of a postgraduate training program, medical residents and fellows can find the prospect of emergence into the real working world somewhat daunting. This is a transition that is best anticipated and planned, recognizing that the life and the responsibilities of a consultant or an academic physician differ from those of a trainee.

The Social Misconstruction of Reality: Validity and Verification in the Scholarly Community

This text addresses the issue of misconstruction in the scholarly community, and why it persists when ample evidence is readily available to counter it. The work examines the social determinants of knowledge, focusing on three well-accepted but erroneous social theories.