Richard H. Grove

Global impact of the 1789-93 El Ni|[ntilde]|o

It has been suggested that global warming has caused the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic events to become more frequent and intense. However, several ENSO events that occurred before 1880 had effects at least as intense and wide-ranging as those associated with the current event. This is the case particularly for the events in 1396 (ref. 1), 1685-88, 1789-93 and 1877-79. Here I discuss archival evidence, notably from South Asia and above all for the 1789-93 ENSO, for the strength of these historical effects.

Ecology, Climate, and Empire: Colonialism and Global Environmental History, 1400-1940

The evolution of the colonial discourse on deforestation and climate change, 1500-1945 conserving Eden - the (European) East India Companies and their environmental policies in St Helens, Mauritius and in Western India, 1660-1854 Scottish missionaries, evangelical discourses and the origins of conservation thinking in Southern Africa, 1820-1900 the East India Company, the Australians and the El-Nino - colonial scientists and ideas about global climatic change and teleconnections between 1770 and 1930 chiefs, boundaries and sacred woodlands - early nationalism and the defeat of colonial conservationism in the Gold Coast and Nigeria, 1870-1916 colonial conservation, ecological hegemony and popular resistance - towards a global synthesis.