Richard Kotter

The effect of cycling on the state of health of the electric vehicle battery

This paper provides an analysis of the experimental results available for lithium ion battery degradation which has been used to create a model of the effect of the identified parameters on the ageing of an EV battery. The parameters affecting degradation are generally accepted to be; state of charge, depth of discharge, charging rate and battery temperature. Values for each of these parameters have been found for three versions of a typical daily cycling scenario; uncontrolled charging, delayed charging and V2G. A comparison is made of the expected overall degradation using four different charging rates and different charging patterns based on the model. A link is made between the charging patterns and the effect on the power flow at the transformer of a typical section of LV network using a ADMD profile. The analysis shows that delayed charging and V2G slow down the rate of battery degradation. However, fast charging appears to accelerate battery degradation. Delayed charging also helps avoid excessive evening loading and thus will help delay distribution network asset upgrading. Uncontrolled charging increases evening loading and V2G can reduce it. However, the EV then needs more power for charging and the charging after V2G needs to be managed if it is not to create another spike in demand at a later time.

Student-Produced Podcasts as an Assessment Tool: An Example from Geomorphology

The emergence of user-friendly technologies has made podcasting an accessible learning tool in undergraduate teaching. In a geomorphology course, student-produced podcasts were used as part of the assessment in 2008–2010. Student groups constructed radio shows aimed at a general audience to interpret and communicate geomorphological data within the context of relevant social and environmental issues. Questionnaire results suggest that the novel format engaged students, and promoted group working, IT, language and oral communication skills, and a deeper understanding of the context of geomorphic data. For teachers, podcasting technology offers efficient teaching of oral communication, with opportunities for distance and self-directed learning.

The developing landscape of electric vehicles and smart grids: a smart future?

This paper attempts to connect debates on decarbonisation at international and European scale with discussions on smart grid developments,in the interaction of the international automotive industry,and government policy. Thus,the paper reviews policy frameworks and business strategies.

EV Policy Compared: An International Comparison of Governments’ Policy Strategy Towards E-Mobility

This paper addresses and explores the different strategies governments pursue to support the introduction of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). This paper presents findings from a European research project that mapped current policies in eight countries, with California as a comparative case to contrast the European findings. The authors analysed the policy strategies that countries have put to practice and analyse how they have performed so far. Arguably, many countries appear to be on track to achieving their short-term goals; in that sense, EV policy is successful. However, once the longer term policy goals for e-mobility are taken into account, it is unlikely that the current policies will be sufficient. Therefore, the authors point out some lessons from current policies that may show a route into the next phase of the introduction of e-mobility. The paper is part of the Interreg e-mobility North Sea Region (E-Mobility NSR) partnership project, which is co-funded by the EU and participating countries/regions/organisations.

Energy Efficiency in Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Its Impact on Total Cost of Ownership

There is an increasing awareness, policies and an incentive landscape, which are encouraging and starting to shape future transport as part of a wider ecosystem of infrastructure, use, behaviour and sustainability. However, one of the main barriers for the wider uptake by both fleet and individual users of electric vehicles is the concern of the uncertainties of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). This contribution is based on a mix of original modelling, simulation and laboratory experimentation studies as well as a review of the academic and policy literature. It focuses on vehicle design and the battery and energy management in electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV/PHEV). EV users express concerns about the longevity of the electric battery and hence the life cycle (especially with frequent fast charging), which amounts to a major part of the costs and value of the vehicle. Using the battery to provide ancillary services will add more value to the EV and reduce the effective TCO.

Comparative Analysis of European examples of Freight Electric Vehicles Schemes. A systematic case study approach with examples from Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden and the UK

E-Mobility is a hot topic, in the public policy area as well as in business and scientific communities. Literature on electric freight transport is still relatively scarce. Urban freight transport is considered as one of the most promising fields of application of vehicle electrification, and there are on-going demonstration projects. This paper will discuss case study examples of electric freight vehicle initiatives in Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK and identify enablers and barriers for common trends.

Fostering Sustainable Mobility in Europe: The Contributions of the Project “E-Mobility North Sea Region”

Efforts towards the promotion of sustainable mobility across Europe need to be supported by technological, political and strategic decisions. In the field of technology, the quest for sustainable mobility can be greatly supported by use of electric vehicles. Apart from the well-known benefits related to reduction of CO2 emissions, electric mobility may also contribute to reduced air pollution, less noise and thus an increase in the quality of life, especially in urban centres. This paper presents the experiences gathered as part of the project “North Sea Region Electric Mobility Network (E-Mobility NSR)”, co-financed by the Interreg IVB North Sea Programme, with the aim of promoting electric mobility in the North Sea Region (NSR). The main objectives of the project are described, along with its structure, partnership and a set of results reached to date. The paper is complemented by an overview of future needs and opportunities, so as to further support the development of electric mobility policies and practices in the North Sea Region.

Attributes of embodied leadership: A beginning in the next chapter of leadership development

Research and guidance on leadership behaviour has been documented throughout history, from the epics to more recent leadership theories, evolved over the last century. However, despite ample research and practice, leadership failures continue in being typical.Areviewof literature in leadership studies reveals that recommendations have often been descriptive, assumptive and prescriptive without considering various individual differences. Additionally, leadership development often utilises methodologies in which individuals are trained to ‘act’ as leaders rather than fully embody leadership behaviour. This paper explores the generic attributes that describe embodied leadership behaviour. Semi-structured interviews were performed on a panel of individuals from different backgrounds and analysed using a grounded theory approach. Along with the interviews, the works of Scharmer (2008) and behavioural traits identified in leadership by Derue, Nahrgang,Wellman and Humphrey (2011) were taken into consideration. A final consensus was reached using a set of ten attributes that potentially contribute to embodied leadership behaviour; being non-judgemental, embracing uncertainty, active listening, congruence (morals and ethics), intuition, reflective practice, sense of meaning/purpose, holistic decision making, authentic presence and intention.

Large-Scale Deployment of Public Charging Infrastructure: Identifying Possible Next Steps Forward

This paper presents the next steps forward for a large-scale deployment of public charging infrastructure after the first round of infrastructure was mainly financed by government agencies over the last 3–5 years. In order to create a sustainable and market-driven public charging network, governments are increasingly looking for strategies to support the next generation of public charging infrastructure with creative financing mechanisms and limited public funding. The primary goal is to review and analyze the different models that are currently being tested in early adopter markets such as Norway, the Netherlands, California, and United States. Based on this early learning, identify possible business models for large-scale deployment of public charging infrastructure. This paper describes the challenges and opportunities in these early markets, identify six different (international) models for investing into public charging infrastructure and describe their individual advantages and disadvantages. By applying these models to California, a state that is actively involved in public policy development and introduction of electric vehicles, this paper identifies preferred financing models applying three different scenarios. The research provides insights into international comparison of deployment of public charging infrastructure and possible financial models. Based on a case study, the various advantages and disadvantages of these models are exemplified. Finally, suggestions are made for further research and modeling.

E-Mobility in Europe

Efforts towards the promotion of sustainable mobility across Europe need to be supported by technological, political and strategic decisions. In the field of technology, the quest for sustainable mobility can be greatly supported by use of electric vehicles. Apart from the well-known benefits related to reduction of CO2 emissions, electric mobility may also contribute to reduced air pollution, less noise and thus an increase in the quality of life, especially in urban centres. This paper presents the experiences gathered as part of the project “North Sea Region Electric Mobility Network (E-Mobility NSR)”, co-financed by the Interreg IVB North Sea Programme, with the aim of promoting electric mobility in the North Sea Region (NSR). The main objectives of the project are described, along with its structure, W. Leal Filho (&) K. Rath F. Mannke J. Vogt Hamburg University of Applied Sciences (HAW Hamburg), Research and Transfer Centre, Applications of Life Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany e-mail: walter.leal@haw-hamburg.de R. Kotter Department of Geography, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK e-mail: richard.kotter@northumbria.ac.uk M. Borgqvist SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden AB (External Expert for Lindholmen Science Park), Scheelevägen 27, 223 70 Lund, Sweden e-mail: martin.borgqvist@sp.se B. Myklebust Transport Technology Advisor, Zero Emission Resource Organisation (ZERO), Maridalsveien 10, 0178 Oslo, Norway e-mail: benjamin@zero.no P. van Deventer Province of Noord-Holland/Consulate General of the Netherlands, Houtplein 33, Haarlem, the Netherlands/One Montgomery, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA e-mail: petervandeventer@gmail.com