Richard Pike

Intellectual capital disclosure and corporate governance structure in UK firms.

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between intellectual capital disclosure and corporate governance variables, controlling for other firm‐specific characteristics, for a sample of 100 UK listed firms. Intellectual capital disclosure is measured by a disclosure index score, supported by word count and percentage of word count metrics to assess the variety, volume and focus of intellectual capital disclosure respectively. The independent variables comprise various forms of corporate governance structure: board composition, ownership structure, audit committee size and frequency of audit committee meetings, and CEO role duality. Results of the analysis based on the three measures of intellectual capital disclosure indicate significant association with all the governance factors except for role duality. The influence of corporate governance mechanisms on human, structural and relational capital disclosure, based on all three metrics, is also explored.

The effect of audit committee shareholding, financial expertise and size on interim financial disclosures

Abstract In recent years, corporate failures and accounting irregularities have led to concerns about the effectiveness of audit committees in the financial reporting process. In response, corporate governance committees in different countries have made specific recommendations designed to enhance the role of the audit committee in executing its financial reporting oversight duties. We investigate in this study, the effect of some of these recommendations by empirically examining the relationship between selected audit committee characteristics and the level of disclosure in interim reports of a sample of 262 UK listed companies. Specifically, the audit committee characteristics examined are shareholding of audit committee members (as a proxy for audit committee independence), audit committee size and audit committee financial expertise. Employing both a weighted and unweighted index to measure interim disclosure, the results indicate a significant negative association between shareholding of audit committee members and interim disclosure. Our results provide evidence of a significant positive association between interim disclosure and audit committee financial expertise. We find no significant relationship between audit committee size and the extent of disclosure in interim reports. Overall, however, our results suggest that audit committee characteristics have an impact on its monitoring effectiveness of the financial reporting process. These results have important implications for corporate governance policy-makers who have a responsibility to prescribe appropriate corporate governance structures to ensure that shareholders are protected.

Intellectual capital, management accounting practices and corporate performance: Perceptions of managers

Purpose - The purpose of the paper was to examine whether, and in what way, managers perceive that the level and shape of intellectual capital (IC) within firms influences management accounting practice, specifically, performance measurement, planning and control, capital budgeting, and risk management. It also explores whether such firms are better able to respond to unanticipated economic and market changes and achieve relatively higher performance within their sector. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is based on the results of a study conducted in Malaysia through a questionnaire survey in 119 large companies with varying levels of IC and selected interviews with both accounting and non-accounting executives in a subset of them. Findings - The findings in the paper suggest some evolution in management accounting practices for firms investing heavily in IC. The findings are discussed and further explored through interviews in some of the firms analysed. Research limitations/implications - The limitations of survey research in this paper are acknowledged, however these are ameliorated by confirmatory insights from the interviews. Further research could be carried out using more extensive case studies in companies, perhaps longitudinally, or undertaken using sector focused surveys. Practical implications - It is important to show in the paper that management accounting systems reflect the strategic orientation of the companies concerned. Where a greater focus on intangibles and intellectual capital occurs it may require a different emphasis on management accounting practices compared to companies where they do not feature strongly. It is important that management recognise and act on this in order to improve corporate performance. Originality/value - The paper shows that it is widely recognised that (IC), whether in the form of knowledge, experience, professional skill, good relationships, or technological capacity is a major source of corporate competitive advantage. Whilst the literature places considerable attention on the valuation, measurement and reporting of IC for external reporting purposes, far less attention has so far been given to the implications of IC for managerial accounting practice. This paper addresses this omission.

An Empirical Study of the Adoption of Sophisticated Capital Budgeting Practices and Decision-Making Effectiveness

Abstract This paper examines the trend towards greater sophistication in investment selection techniques and control processes, and their impact on capital budgeting decision effectiveness. Based on a sample of 100 large UK firms, the study examines the capital budgeting practices employed over an 11-year period. Very significant increases in the uptake of sophisticated investment methods are reported, particularly in the analysis of project risk. These developments are partly explained by the rapid developments in computing within capital budgeting. Clear evidence is found to suggest that senior finance executives believe that the adoption of sophisticated investment practices gives rise to improved effectiveness in the evaluation and control of large capital projects.

The Appraisal of Ordinary Shares by Investment Analysts in the UK and Germany

Abstract This paper reports the findings of a two-country survey of the approaches to and information used by investment analysts. It examines the changes in the ordinary share appraisal approaches adopted by UK analysts over the past decade, and investigates the differences between British and German analysts in share appraisal methods, goals and information sources. The principal findings are that (i) deregulation and the introduction of new technology to the UK market has had little impact on the equity appraisal approach employed by analysts other than the greater reliance placed on personal contact with companies, and (ii) UK analysts are no more ‘short-termist’ than their German counterparts in assessing ordinary shares.

Credit Management: An Examination of Policy Choices, Practices and Late Payment in Uk Companies

A central element in developing credit management policy involves design choices on the extent to which credit activities are best managed internally or through specialist market intermediaries. This paper draws on the findings of a survey on the credit management practices and policies of large UK companies to: (1) Examine the type of firm most likely to enter into specialist external credit management structural arrangements; and (2) Identify contextual and credit policy choices influencing the credit period taken and late payment of debts. The study found that specialist intermediaries are not particularly common in large firms. The paper also identifies a number of contextual and policy variables that help explain variation in debtor days and late payment by customers. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2001.

Consider your options: changes to strategic value during implementation of advanced manufacturing technology

Strategic investments such as flexible manufacturing technology yield benefits to a company beyond the immediate cash flows. These strategic benefits can be captured, to some degree, using real option valuation techniques. However, real option models presume these can be identified and evaluated at an early stage in the investment process. In this paper, the authors argue real option value is often only vaguely defined at the adoption stage and frequently manifest during implementation. By examining four advanced manufacturing technology investments during implementation within different organizations, this study qualitatively explores the changes to original real options as unanticipated problems surface and solutions are found and implemented. The study found that as the companies adapted to implementation setbacks, the form, scale, value and clarity of the real options changed. For three of the companies, the changes to options were negative while the fourth case indicated positive effects. Most prevalent were delays in the earliest possible exercise date. The results highlight the need to consider changes to strategic value as companies adapt to setbacks that arise during project implementation. Implications for the evaluation of such projects are discussed.

Intangible Marketing Assets: A Managerial Accounting Perspective

Abstract Intangible marketing assets, such as brand strength, product image and reputation, appear to be of growing significance to companies. This paper seeks to offer a management accounting perspective on intangible marketing assets. A typology is developed that categorises related constructs, hitherto referred to, somewhat broadly, as marketing assets. The typology (1) redefines intangible marketing assets from an accounting perspective, and (2) identifies the inputs and outputs of the intangible marketing asset management process. The traditional accounting methods afforded to intangible marketing assets are noted, together with their adverse implications for asset development. It is suggested that management accounting should develop a method of accounting for such assets that is more consistent with supporting longer-term corporate objectives.

Fairness in performance evaluation and its behavioural consequences

Abstract A recent paper in Accounting and Business Research by Lau et al. (2008) offers systematic evidence to explain whether managers’ perceptions on fairness of performance evaluation procedures affect attitudes such as job satisfaction; and if it does, the different behavioural processes involved. Our paper re‐examines Lau et al.’s model and hypotheses to assess the external validity of their findings, based on a very different sample of managers. Drawing on recent organisational justice literature, it further develops the model and examines the potential interaction effects of fairness of performance evaluation procedures and other variables on job satisfaction. Finally, it extends the outcome variable to include manager performance. Using survey responses from 165 managers, supported by 24 interviews, drawn from three major organisations in the manufacturing and financial services sectors, we find that Lau et al.’s results on the indirect effects of fairness of performance evaluation procedures on job satisfaction are generalisable to other organisational settings and managerial levels. However, using their model we do not find support for the outcome‐based effects through distributive fairness. Developing a revised model we observe that the effects of distributive fairness on job satisfaction are indirect via organisational commitment. When the model is further developed to incorporate performance as the outcome variable, we observe similar findings.

ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING THE USE OF RISK ANALYSIS IN STRATEGIC CAPITAL INVESTMENTS

ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of a number of key organizational characteristics on the extent of use of risk analysis in capital budgeting. Using factor analysis and regression analysis, the results indicate that managers who use risk analysis more extensively tend to be those who work in organizations that are characterized by greater risk taking, supportive information systems, longer-term incentive schemes, and high socioeconomic uncertainty. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.