Richard Terrell

The role of higher oil prices: A case of major developed countries

The primary aim of this chapter is to examine whether the recent increase in world oil prices has affected inflation expectations and stock market returns in major OECD countries. The key findings are as follows. First, we found no evidence to support the presence of a long term relationship between oil prices and inflation expectations – measured by the difference between yields of inflation indexed and non-inflation indexed government bonds – over the sample between early 2003 and late 2006. Second, higher oil prices are found to lead to expectations of higher inflation. This evidence is stronger over the period where oil prices had been higher and signs of capacity constraints in the economy were emerging. Third, the impact of higher oil prices on stock market returns differs among countries. While higher oil prices are found to adversely affect stock market returns in the United States, the United Kingdom and France, the effects are positive in Canada and Australia as these countries are significant exporters of energy resources.

Using the Bootstrap as an Aid in Choosing the Approximate Representation for Vector Time Series

In this article, a procedure is presented to use the bootstrap in choosing the best approximation in terms of forecasting performance for the equivalent state-space representation of a vector autoregressive model. It is found that the proposed procedure, which uses each approximants forecasting performance, can enhance considerably an approach based simply on the estimated Hankel singular values.

A ROBUST ALGORITHM IN SEQUENTIALLY SELECTING SUBSET TIME- SERIES SYSTEMS USING NEURAL NETWORKS

In this paper a numerically robust lattice-ladder learning algorithm is presented that sequentially selects the best specification of a subset time series system using neural networks. We have been able to extend the relevance of multilayered neural networks and so more effectively model a greater array of time series situations. We have recognized that many connections between nodes in layers are unnecessary and can be deleted. So we have introduced inhibitor arcs, reflecting inhibitive synapses. We also allow for connections between nodes in layers which have variable strengths at different points of time by introducing additionally excitatory arcs, reflecting excitatory synapses. The resolving of both time and order updating leads to optimal synaptic weight updating and allows for optimal dynamic node creation/deletion within the extended neural network. The paper presents two applications that demonstrate the usefulness of the process.

An evolutionary recursive algorithm in selecting statistical subset neural network/VDL filtering.

We propose an evolutionary recursive algorithm, for the exact windowed case, to estimate subset vector discrete lag (SVDL) filters with a forgetting factor and an intercept variable. SVDL filtering is demonstrated as a basis for constructing a multi-layered polynomial neural network by Penm et al. (2000) The new proposed time update recursions allow users to update SVDL filters at consecutive time instants, and can show evolutionary changes detected in filter structures. With this new approach we are able to more effectively analyse complex relationships where the relevant financial time series have been generated from structures subject to evolutionary changes in their environment. An illustration of these procedures is presented to examine the integration between the Australian and the Japanese bond markets, and the USA and the UK bond markets, changed over the period. The proposed algorithms are also applicable to full-order vector discrete lag (VDL) filtering with a forgetting factor and an intercept.

AN ANALYSIS OF ASIAN MARKET INTEGRATION PRE- AND POST-CRISIS

In this paper cointegrating relations between six East and Southeast Asian markets relative to a base cluster of three global markets are investigated in the framework of zero-non-zero (ZNZ) patterned vector error-correction modelling (VECM). The analysis focuses upon market relations both before and after the Asian currency crisis. The strength of integration between markets is also evaluated by extending Gewekes measurement approach within this framework. The results show that, since the crisis, estimated integration strengths have become more powerful between the Asian and global markets, with the US market leading both the Asian markets and the markets of Japan and the UK.

A note on the sequential fitting of multichannel subset autoregressions using the prewindowed case

In this correspondence, an efficient adaptive algorithm for multichannel subset autoregression identification using the prewindowed case is developed. After the initialization is carried out by the direct method, the optimum multichannel subset autoregression at each time instant is selected by employing the proposed recursions in conjunction with a model selection criterion. >

A new approach to testing PPP: Evidence from the Yen

Conventional methods to test for long-term PPP based on the theory of cointegration are typically undertaken in the framework of vector error correction models (VECM). The standard approach in the use of VECMs is to employ a model of full-order, which assumes nonzero entries in all the coefficient matrices. But, the use of full-order VECM models may lead to incorrect inferences if zero entries are required in the coefficient matrices. Specifically, if we wish to test for indirect causality, instantaneous causality, or Granger non-causality, and employ “overparameterised” full-order VECM models that ignore entries assigned a priori to be zero, then the power of statistical inference is weakened and the resultant specifications can produce different conclusions concerning the cointegrating relationships among the variables. In this paper, an approach is presented that incorporates zero entries in the VECM analysis. This approach is a more straightforward and effective means of testing for causality and cointegrating relations. The paper extends prior work on PPP through an investigation of causality between the U.S. Dollar and the Japanese Yen. The results demonstrate the inconsistencies that can arise in the area and show that bi-directional feedback exists between prices, interest rates and the exchange rate such that adjustment mechanisms are complete within the context of PPP.

Causal relationship testing with applications to exchange rates

This paper undertakes two causality studies with exchange rate applications in a framework of Zero-Non-Zero (ZNZ) patterned Vector Error-Correction Modelling (VECM). The first study shows that money supply is a source of financial and economic influence on the Euro. The second gives evidence of support for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) using monthly data between Japan and the USA. The results indicate that high-frequency finance data can reveal the existence of long-term PPP. This evidence sheds light on the adjustment mechanisms through which PPP is achieved. Also, the proposed ZNZ patterned VECM modelling allows better insights from this kind of financial time-series analysis.

USING ZERO-NON-ZERO PATTERNED VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELLING TO TEST FOR CAUSALITY BETWEEN MONEY SUPPLY, GDP GROWTH, THE LONDON STOCK MARKET INDEX AND THE EURO EXCHANGE RATE

In this paper the techniques of zero-non-zero (ZNZ) patterned vector autoregressive modelling are utilized to examine two issues associated with the European single currency – the euro. First, “Granger causality” is employed to examine the causal linkages between the euro exchange rate, the euro area money supply and the gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the euro area. Second, we examine the hypothesis that the euro has become a major influence on international stock markets by testing for the causal relationships between movements in the euro exchange rate, the U.K. pound exchange rate and the London stock market index.

The Recursions of Subset VECM/State-Space Models and Their Applications to Nonlinear Relationships of Nickel Price Formation in Conditions of Climate Change

On 30 October, 2006, the former Chief Economist of the World Bank, Nicholas Stern, reported that no government is taking effective measures to expand their use of new energy resources, and that the resulting global warming will produce an economic and environmental loss of more than US