Rien van der Leeden

Gender, context and leadership styles: A field study

In a field study in department stores it was investigated whether the gender-typing of the organizational context influences leadership behaviour of male and female managers. Shop assistants in masculine- to feminine-typed departments described their manager in terms of task-oriented, people-oriented, and transformational leadership styles. As predicted, no gender differences in leadership styles were found. The gender-typing of departments did not affect perceived leadership styles. Another contextual variable, the site of the department store, unexpectedly influenced leader behaviour.

Cognitive–behavioural intervention for self-harm: randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND Self-harm by young people is occurring with increasing frequency. Conventional in-patient and out-patient treatment has yet to be proved efficacious. AIMS To investigate the efficacy of a short cognitive-behavioural therapy intervention with 90 adolescents and adults who had recently engaged in self-harm. METHOD Participants (aged 15-35 years) were randomly assigned to treatment as usual plus the intervention, or treatment as usual only. Assessments were completed at baseline and at 3 months, 6 months and 9 months follow-up. RESULTS Patients who received cognitive-behavioural therapy in addition to treatment as usual were found to have significantly greater reductions in self-harm, suicidal cognitions and symptoms of depression and anxiety, and significantly greater improvements in self-esteem and problem-solving ability, compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend the evidence that a time-limited cognitive-behavioural intervention is effective for patients with recurrent and chronic self-harm.

Review of Five Multilevel Analysis Programs: BMDP-5V, GENMOD, HLM, ML3, VARCL

(1994). Review of Five Multilevel Analysis Programs: BMDP-5V, GENMOD, HLM, ML3, VARCL. The American Statistician: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 324-335.

Delete-m Jackknife for Unequal m

In this paper, the delete-mj jackknife estimator is proposed. This estimator is based on samples obtained from the original sample by successively removing mutually exclusive groups of unequal size. In a Monte Carlo simulation study, a hierarchical linear model was used to evaluate the role of nonnormal residuals and sample size on bias and efficiency of this estimator. It is shown that bias is reduced in exchange for a minor reduction in efficiency. The accompanying jackknife variance estimator even improves on both bias and efficiency, and, moreover, this estimator is mean-squared-error consistent, whereas the maximum likelihood equivalents are not.

Multilevel Analysis of Repeated Measures Data

Hierarchically structured data are common in many areas of scientific research. Such data are characterized by nested membership relations among the units of observation. Multilevel analysis is a class of methods that explicitly takes the hierarchical structure into account. Repeated measures data can be considered as having a hierarchical structure as well: measurements are nested within, for instance, individuals. In this paper, an overview is given of the multilevel analysis approach to repeated measures data. A simple application to growth curves is provided as an illustration. It is argued that multilevel analysis of repeated measures data is a powerful and attractive approach for several reasons, such as flexibility, and the emphasis on individual development.Hierarchically structured data are common in many areas of scientific research. Such data are characterized by nested membership relations among the units of observation. Multilevel analysis is a class of methods that explicitly takes the hierarchical structure into account. Repeated measures data can be considered as having a hierarchical structure as well: measurements are nested within, for instance, individuals. In this paper, an overview is given of the multilevel analysis approach to repeated measures data. A simple application to growth curves is provided as an illustration. It is argued that multilevel analysis of repeated measures data is a powerful and attractive approach for several reasons, such as flexibility, and the emphasis on individual development.

What is procedural justice: Criteria used by Dutch victims to assess the fairness of criminal justice procedures

The study examines the meaning of procedural justice to Dutch victims of crime. Using victimological research and the group-value or relational model or procedural justice developed by Lind and Tyler, a model for procedural justice judgments is developed and tested using the structural equation model. Data used for the analysis consist of 221 interviews with victims regarding their experience with the public prosecution. Although the emerging model differs from that of Lind and Tyler, results support Lind and Tylers assertion that procedural justice judgments are normative and not instrumental. Victims are particularly concerned about being treated with dignity and respect and are not interested in influencing the outcome of their case.

Cognitive behavioral therapy versus paroxetine in the treatment of hypochondriasis: An 18-month naturalistic follow-up

BACKGROUND The present maintenance study investigated whether the reduction in hypochondriacal complaints after initial treatment with CBT or paroxetine sustained during a follow-up period and whether psychiatric severity at pretest predicted the course of hypochondriacal symptoms. METHOD A naturalistic follow-up period of 18 months after a 16-week RCT consisting of 33 patients initially allocated to a CBT condition and 29 patients to a paroxetine condition. The main outcome measure was the Whiteley Index. RESULTS The initial treatment effect of CBT and paroxetine sustained during the follow-up period. No significant differences between CBT and paroxetine were found. Treatment course could not be predicted by psychiatric comorbidity. CONCLUSION CBT and paroxetine are both effective treatments for hypochondriasis in the long term.

360 degree feedback: how many raters are needed for reliable ratings on the capacity to develop competences, with personal qualities as developmental goals?

360 degree feedback is a widely used technique in the area of strategic human resource management (SHRM) and strategic human resource development (SHRD). The reliability of 360 degree feedback on the capacity to develop personal qualities has been investigated. This study shows to what extent the number of raters is related to an increasing reliability and an enhancement of correlation between supervisor and peer ratings. Ten raters are needed to reach a satisfying reliability level of 0.7 for the rating of the capacity to develop personal qualities, while six raters are needed for a reliability level of 0.7 with regard to the rating of motivation to develop these qualities. The use of two or three peer raters, as is common in the daily HRM/HRD practice, results in low reliability levels and in low agreement between supervisor and peer ratings. These results imply that 360 degree feedback is more useful in a personal growth system than in an administrative system, where the outcomes of the feedback are considered to be objective representations of work behaviour. Further implications for the SHRM/SHRD practice, especially concerning the development of competences, with personal qualities as developmental goals, are discussed.

A priori power analysis in longitudinal three-level multilevel models: an example with therapist effects.

Abstract Over the last few years, three-level longitudinal models have become more common in psychotherapy research, particularly in therapist-effect or group-effect studies. Thus far, limited attention has been paid to power analysis in these models. This article demonstrates the effects of intraclass correlation, level of randomization, sample size, covariates and drop-out on power, using data from a routine outcome monitoring study. Results indicate that randomization at the patient level is the most efficient, and that increasing the number of measurements does not increase power much. Adding a covariate or having a 25% drop-out rate had limited effects on study power in our data. In addition, the results demonstrate that sufficient power can be reached with small sample sizes, but that larger sample sizes are needed to prevent estimation bias for the model parameters and standard errors.

Daily Frustration, Cognitive Coping and Coping Efficacy in Adolescent Headache: A Daily Diary Study

Objective.— To investigate both concurrent and prospective relationships between daily frustration, cognitive coping and coping efficacy on the one hand and daily headache occurrence on the other.