Rihito Takisawa

The early flowering trait of an emmer wheat accession (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccum) is associated with the cis-element of the Vrn-A3 locus

Key messageWe identified a novel allele of the Vrn-A3 gene that is associated with an early flowering trait in wheat. This trait is caused by a cis-element GATA box in Vrn-A3.AbstractTo identify novel flowering genes in wheat, we investigated days from germination to heading (DGH) in tetraploid wheat accessions. We found that the tetraploid variety Triticum turgidum L. ssp. dicoccum (TN26) harbors unknown genes that surpass the earliness effect of the early flowering allele Ppd-A1a harbored by TN28 (T. turgidum L. ssp. turgidum conv. pyramidale). Using recombinant inbred lines resulting from a cross between TN26 and TN28, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for DGH. We identified a QTL for earliness in TN26 on chromosome 7AS, the chromosome on which Vrn-A3 is located. By sequence analysis for the Vrn-A3 locus in both TN26 and TN28, we identified a 7-bp insertion that included a cis-element GATA box sequence at the promoter region of the Vrn-A3 locus of TN26. Based on an expression analysis using sister lines for Vrn-A3, we suggest that the early flowering trait of TN26 was caused by the GATA box in Vrn-A3. In addition, we identified tetraploid wheat as a useful genetic resource for wheat breeding.

Involvement of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Metabolism in the Early Fruit Development of the Parthenocarpic Tomato Cultivar, MPK-1

Parthenocarpy, or fruit set and growth without fertilization, is a desirable trait in tomato cultivation as it reduces the cost of tomato production. MPK-1 is a Japanese parthenocarpic tomato cultivar, and the gene responsible for parthenocarpy of MPK-1 is Pat-k. As MPK-1 is a stable parthenocarpic tomato cultivar, we investigated the physiological mechanism of parthenocarpy in this cultivar. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is considered as the main factor contributing to parthenocarpy, as its exogenous application to unpollinated ovaries triggers parthenocarpic fruit development in tomato. In this study, we investigated the level of IAA and its metabolites and the expression of genes involved in IAA metabolism in unpollinated ovaries of MPK-1. We observed an increase in the level of IAA accompanied by an elevated level of expression of an IAA biosynthesis gene, ToFZY5 in parthenocarpic ovaries of MPK-1. Simultaneously, the level of IAA-glutamate (IAA-Glu), one of the IAA conjugates comprising a potential IAA inactivation pathway, was also increased. These results suggest that the increase in IAA levels, driven by the up-regulation of IAA biosynthesis genes, promotes the growth of parthenocarpic fruits in MPK-1, and that the IAA synthesized in parthenocarpic ovaries is primarily metabolized to IAA-Glu. In addition, expression profiles of some genes involved in IAA metabolism were different between pollinated and parthenocarpic ovaries, suggesting that the specific transcriptional regulation of IAA metabolism in parthenocarpic ovaries of MPK-1 differs from that in pollinated ovaries.