Ritu Yadav

ER, PR, HER2/NEU STATUS AND RELATION TO CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN BREAST CARCINOMA

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of an olive tree extract with high polyphenols content on blood glucose level and other related parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg bw). 72h after injection, rats with fasting blood glucose higher than 2 g/l were used for the experiments. Olive tree extract was administered for 28 d and blood glucose level was measured every 4 d. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, creatinine, urea, total protein, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, were determined at the end of the experiment. Results: The oral administration of olive tree extract contributes to blood glucose level decreasing in diabetic rats group, which was significantly lower at 4th week compared to the diabetic control rats. Moreover, supplementation by olive tree extract decreased significantly (p<0.05) the values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, creatinine, urea, total protein, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase resulting from damage caused by streptozotocin treatment. Beside this, significant reduce (p<0.05) in heart disease risk ratio was observed for treated group (4.1±0.14) compared to untreated group (7.64±0.36), which was quite similar to normal rats (4.50±0.36). Studied olive tree extract effects were similar to those of glibenclamide, a well-known antidiabetic drug. Conclusion: Results herein obtained reveal the hypoglycemic effect of this olive tree extract, suggesting his potential use as a natural antidiabetic agent.

Calculation of NPI Score: Prognosis of Breast Cancer

The Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) is a widely used prognostic tool for stratification of breast cancer patients. Aim of this study was to compare the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) score with prognosis of breast cancer and clinicopathological prognostic parameters. In the present study, One hundred twenty five breast cancer patients ranging in age from <40 to ≥60 years were evaluated. Breast cancer patients were stratified into good, moderate and poor prognosis. 46.4% frequency of patients was found with moderate prognosis, 36.8%, 16.8% frequency of patients was found in poor and good prognosis group respectively. Majority of the young patients were in poor prognosis group. Breast cancer patients with grade III showed the poor prognosis as compared with grade I and II. Poor prognosis was in positive correlation with tumor size and lymph node status. In conclusion, further combined prognostic index validation strategies are required which should be simple, accurate and have independent value as assessed by multivariate analysis.

Sub Typing of Breast Cancer (Er, Pr and Her2 Expression) and their Relation with Clinicopathological Parameters

Role of hormone receptors as a prognostic and therapeutic tool in breast cancer is widely accepted. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of steroid receptor in breast cancer subtyping with clinicopathological factors. In the present study, immunohistochemical assay of two hundred patients of breast carcinoma was performed to know the hormone receptor status as well as pathological examination. Breast cancer patients were classified into different groups based on IHC profile (ER/PR and Her2/neu expression) and their relation with traditional prognostic parameters. Frequency of ER-PR- Her- subtype found to be maximum in all subtypes. The frequency of patients with ER-PR-Her+ were observed second in sub typing, only a few patients were observed with subtype ER+PR-Her-, ER-PR+ Her+, ER-PR+ Her-. Maximum patients were observed with the grade I (59%) and infiltrate ductal carcinoma type (59.7%) whereas a few were lobular carcinoma type (40.3%). Majority of the breast cancer patients (43%) had tumor size 2–4.9cm. A large proportion of patients (58.5%) had <4 positive lymph nodes status. In conclusion further efforts are needed to be focused the standardization of different therapies responses on biological subtypes and development of further reproducible testing.

Certain Profession of Working as Risk Factors for Varicose Veins

Varicose veins are visible surface manifestations of an underlying venous insufficiency syndrome. The present study was designed to investigate the various risks factors behind the occurrence of varicose veins. One hundred fifty five patients of varicose veins were analyzed for various factors. A specialized questionnaire was developed to record detailed information of varicose veins patients. Two way- ANOVA, odds ratio and test were used to compare the data. Standing occupation was highly significant as compared to sitting (OR= 3.1774; 95 % CI=i.9528 to 5.1699). Two way ANOVA revealed statistically significant values for age group (CI= 95%, df=4, p= 0.05554) whereas sex alone as a factor was found less significant CI= 95%, (df=1, p=0.12723). Significant association was found between working posture and sex ratio (p< 0.05). Working posture and age groups were found to be the most significant risk factors of varicose veins.

Trisomy - T(21;21) with Mosaicisim in a Down Syndrome Girl Child Case Report

Abstract Mosaicisim with a derivative of 21 translocation and normal cell line is one of rare cases of Down syndrome patients. In the present case dysmorphic features and developmental delay were compatible with clinical diagnosis of Down syndrome. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated a mosaic pattern of normal cell line and a cell line with translocation 21;21[(46,xx/46,xx, T(21;21),+21]. Presence of normal cell line as well as translocated 21 indicates the mitotic nondisjunction (NDJ) of an euploid zygote and mosaicism may be due to loss of the supernumerary chromosome of a trisomic zygote or some complex mechanism may be involved in chromosomal aberration. Present case shows the mosaicisim in a girl child with features of Down syndrome and atypical karyotype.