Ritva Laamanen

Health-care climate, perceived self-care competence, and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care

This study showed, in line with self-determination theory, that glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 2866) was strongly associated with perceived self-care competence, which in turn was associated with autonomous motivation and autonomy-supportive health-care climate. These associations remained after adjusting for the effect of important life-context factors. Autonomous motivation partially mediated the effect of health-care climate on perceived competence, which fully mediated the effect of autonomous motivation on glycemic control. The results of the study emphasize health-care personnel’s important role in supporting patients’ autonomous motivation and perceived self-care competence.

Determinants of health promotion action in primary health care: Comparative study of health and home care personnel in four municipalities in Finland

Aims: The purpose of this paper is to contribute to understanding which factors influence health promotion action in primary health care (PHC) on the municipal, i.e. local, level. Methods: A cross-sectional mail survey of all PHC personnel in four municipalities in Finland in 2002. The data were analysed by descriptive statistics, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 417 (response rate 57%) healthcare professionals participated in the study; 65% of the personnel working in ambulatory care, 52% working in home care and 44% working in inpatient care were engaged in health promotion action (=higher than median engagement). Factors independently associated with engagement in health promotion were organizational values, reflected in perceived skill discretion and social support from coworkers, and the personnels competence, reflected in knowledge about the health and living conditions of the population served. Further, the opportunities, reflected in cooperation with partners outside the organization were strongly associated with engagement in health promotion action. Conclusions: The results suggest that working conditions such as possibilities for skill usage, reflection and development as well as collegial support enable higher engagement in health promotion action in PHC. However, access to data on the local populations health and living conditions, in addition to opportunities to cooperate with decision makers and partners in the community turned out to be as important. This should be taken into consideration when striving to reorient health services to health promotion.

Socio-emotional development of children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders in long-term foster family care: a qualitative study

The study investigated the socio-emotional development of children with FASD (n = 34) in long-term foster family care based on foster parents’ descriptions of the child. Children taken into care at birth (n = 7) were compared with children, who had lived the first years of life with their biological parents (n = 27). Children in the second group had faced more traumatic experiences, had more placements and were placed at older age into long-term foster family care. They were reported to have more socio-emotional problems and to be more difficult to foster. In both groups, children had somatic and neuropsychological disabilities caused by prenatal alcohol exposure but in the second group neuropsychological problems, especially concentration and hyperactivity problems, seemed to be more severe. Children who had lived with their biological parents were also reported to have multiple and serious behavioural and attachment problems, and developmental delays at the beginning and during the placement. These problems proved difficult to overcome, even though family care improved the socio-emotional development of all children in the study. In some cases, meetings with biological parents after the placement caused fear and insecurity for the children and increased their behavioural problems. Conclusion: Traumatic experiences in the first years of life during the rapid development of the central nervous system form a major risk for the later development of children with FASD.

Psychosocial work environment and emotional exhaustion--Does a service provision model play a role?

OBJECTIVES To investigate whether outsourcing of primary health care (PHC) services has affected the psychosocial work environment and emotional exhaustion. METHODS Panel mail study 2000-2002 in Finland, 369 PHC employees. Comparison between Southern municipality (SM) after outsourcing PHC services to a not-for-profit organization and three municipalities with municipal service providers. RESULTS Despite the positive development of the psychosocial work environment in SM, emotional exhaustion had increased there like in the comparison municipalities. However, in 2002 emotional exhaustion was at a lower level in SM than in one of the comparison municipalities. This difference could not be attributed to the production model itself but rather to baseline levels and changes in work demands and work resources. CONCLUSIONS Outsourcing of PHC services may improve employee health and thus effectiveness of health care if a new service provider emphasizes employee health more than a previous one and is more flexible to improve the quality of the psychosocial work environment. However, change itself may be stressful, and frequent changes of service providers should be avoided.

Job involvement of primary healthcare employees: Does a service provision model play a role?

Aim: To investigate whether the development of job involvement of primary healthcare (PHC) employees in Southern Municipality (SM), where PHC services were outsourced to an independent non-profit organisation, differed from that in the three comparison municipalities (M1, M2, M3) with municipal service providers. Also, the associations of job involvement with factors describing the psychosocial work environment were investigated. Methods: A panel mail survey 2000—02 in Finland (n=369, response rates 73% and 60%). The data were analysed by descriptive statistics and multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: Despite the favourable development in the psychosocial work environment, job involvement decreased most in SM, which faced the biggest organisational changes. Job involvement decreased also in M3, where the psychosocial work environment deteriorated most. Job involvement in 2002 was best predicted by high baseline level of interactional justice and work control, positive change in interactional justice, and higher age. Also other factors, such as organisational stability, seemed to play a role; after controlling for the effect of the psychosocial work characteristics, job involvement was higher in M3 than in SM. Conclusion: Outsourcing of PHC services may decrease job involvement at least during the first years. A particular service provision model is better than the others only if it is superior in providing a favourable and stable psychosocial work environment.

Does patients’ choice of health centre doctor depend on the organization? A comparative study of four municipalities with different forms of service provision in Finland

Aims: The aim of the study was to examine the use of physician services and the willingness to choose an health centre (HC) doctor rather than an alternative (i.e. private, occupational healthcare, other doctor) by the working age population in four municipalities in Finland. In a Southern municipality primary health care was contracted out to a non-profit organization whereas Eastern, Western and South-Western municipalities mainly provided services themselves. Methods: A mail survey of a random sample of the 15—64-age population was conducted in 2002 (n = 2,000, response rate 62%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as bi- and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the respondents, 69% had visited an HC doctor during the past year, and of these, more than 40% had also visited another doctor outside the HC. The willingness to choose an HC doctor varied from 40% to 54% and was highest in the Southern municipality. When significantly associated variables — age, working status, perceived stress in life situation, access to an appointment, perceived interpersonal quality, and visits to doctors — were controlled for, the willingness to choose an HC doctor was, compared with the Southern municipality, less popular only in the Western municipality. Conclusions: The tendency to choose an HC doctor rather than an alternative was quite low, probably reflecting lack of attractiveness of HC to patients. However, contracting out service production did not additionally decrease patients’ willingness to choose an HC doctor. More attention should be paid to improving access, interpersonal quality and continuity of care.