Robert E. Berry

Six new flavonoids from Citrus

Abstract Valencia orange ( C. sinensis ) and Robinson tangerine [( C. paradisi × C. reticulata ) × ( C. reticulata )] were examined for flavonoids. Thirteen flavonoids were isolated, six of which are new constituents of citrus peel. These are: 3,5,6,7,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 3,5,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone, 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxyflavone and 5,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone. The latter three flavonoids are reported for the first time as natural products. A method is described for readily obtaining small quantities of 5,7,8,4′-tetramethoxy and 5,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavones from their 5,6,7-trimethoxy analogs.

Coumarins and psoralens in grapefruit peel oil

Abstract Four coumarins, four psoralens and two methoxyflavones were isolated and identified from the peel oil of grapefruit. Five of these compounds are reported as constituents of grapefruit oil for the first time, one of which, 5[(3,7-dimethyl-6-epoxy-2-octenyl) oxy]psoralen is a new natural product.

Naphthoquinones produced by Fusarium oxysporum isolated from citrus

Abstract Six naphthoquinone pigments are described which were produced by Fusarium oxysporum isolates obtained from roots of diseased citrus trees. These were 8-O-methylbostrycoidin, 9-O-methylfusarubin, 9-O-methylanhydro-fusarubin, 5-O-methyljavanicin, 5-O-methylsolaniol and 1,4-naphthalenedione-3,8-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-oxopropyl). These naphthoquinones had not been previously identified from F. oxysporum isolates.

2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, a degradation product of a hexose

Abstract Evidence is presented to support 2,3-dlhydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one as the structure of a previously isolated, hexose degradation-pr

Flavonoids of the citrus cultivar calamondin and synthetic 2′β-dihydroxychalcones

Abstract Eight methoxyflavones were isolated and identified from the peel of calamondin. Citromitin and 5- O -desmethylcitromitin are actually nobiletin and 5- O -desmethylnobiletin, respectively. 5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Hexamethoxyflavanone and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavanone are not constituents of calamondin, although previously reported.

Naphthoquinones and derivatives from Fusarium

Abstract Ten 1,4-naphthoquinones are described; two were produced by Fusarium solani , two by F. oxysporum and six are derivatives. The substitution patterns of the 1,4-naphthoquinones are as follows: 2,5,8-trihydroxy-6-methoxy-3-(2-oxopropyl); 8-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethoxy-3-(2-oxopropyl); 8-hydroxy-2,5,6-trimethoxy-7-(2-oxopropyl); 2,5-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-3-(2-oxopropyl); 5-hydroxy-2,6,8-trimethoxy-3-(2-oxopropyl); 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl); 8-hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl); 8-hydroxy-5,6-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxopropyl);5,8-dimethoxy-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(2-oxopropyl); and 5,8-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxy-7-(2-oxopropyl). The NMR, IR and UV spectra are presented.

Three further naphthoquinones produced by Fusarium solani

Abstract Three naphthoquinone pigments are described which were produced by Fusarium solani . They are 2,3-dihydro-5,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2-hydroxymethyl-3-(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione, 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-8-methoxy-naphtho[1,2-b]furan-6,9-dione and 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-hydroxymethyl-7-(2-hydroxypropyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione. One of these pigments was shown to be the precursor of the other two.

Metabolites of Fusarium solani

Abstract Three metabolites and one derivative produced by F. solani have been identified as 5,10-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1H-naphtho-[2,3- c ]-pyran-1,6,9-trione (anhydrofusarubin lactone); 1,5,10-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1-H-naphtho-[2,3- c ]-pyran-6,9-dione; 5,10-dihydroxy-1,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-1H-naphtho-[2,3- c ]-pyran-,9-dione and 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,4-dimethyl-naphtho-[1,2- b ]-furan-6,9-dione.

Food Drying with Direct Solar Augmented by Fossil Energy

ABSTRACT A24-h, two-stage batch solar-drying process was developed for fruits and vegetables. It involved use of an enclosed solar collector/hot-air dryer with trans-parent covers and planar reflectors mounted above and beneath to increase solar radiation to the food com-partment. The process was demonstrated in preliminary drying tests conducted in autumn (42 to 62 deg noon solar elevation, 28 deg N latitude) with diced carrots and sliced parsley. Most of the moisture was evaporated during the solar stage, and drying was completed over-night with a low flow of air heated by fossil energy sources. During the solar stage, drying rates were 30 to 40 percent greater when both upper and lower reflectors were used, compared with use of the upper reflector alone.

Coniferin—an astringent glycoside in citrus

Abstract From the peel of C. sinensis cv. Valencia, C. paradisi cv. Duncan and C. paradisi x C. reticulata cv. Murcott, coniferin, an astringent glycoside, was identified. This compound was found to be present inconcentrated Valencia juice, Murcott concentrate and orange pulp wash concentrates.