Robert E. Parrott

Imaging magnetic focusing of coherent electron waves

The magnetic focusing of electrons has proven its utility in fundamental studies of electron transport. Here we report the direct imaging of magnetic focusing of electron waves, specifically in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). We see the semicircular trajectories of electrons as they bounce along a boundary in the 2DEG, as well as fringes showing the coherent nature of the electron waves. Imaging flow in open systems is made possible by a cooled scanning probe microscope. Remarkable agreement between experiment and theory demonstrates our ability to see these trajectories and to use this system as an interferometer. We image branched electron flow as well as the interference of electron waves. This technique can visualize the motion of electron waves between two points in an open system, providing a straightforward way to study systems that may be useful for quantum information processing and spintronics.

Self-consistent calculation of electric potentials in Hall devices

Using a first-principles classical many-body simulation of a Hall bar, we study the necessary conditions for the formation of the Hall potential: (i) Ohmic contacts with metallic reservoirs, (ii) electron-electron interactions, and (iii) confinement to a finite system. By propagating thousands of interacting electrons over million time-steps we capture the build-up of the self-consistent potential, which resembles results obtained by conformal-mapping methods. As shown by a microscopic model of the current injection, the Hall effect is linked to specific boundary conditions at the particle reservoirs.

Theory of the quantum Hall effect in finite graphene devices

We study the quantum Hall effect (QHE) in graphene based on the current injection model, which takes into account the finite rectangular geometry with source and drain electrodes. In our model, the presence of disorder, the edge-state picture, extended states, and localized states, which are believed to be indispensable ingredients in describing the QHE, do not play an important role. Instead the boundary conditions during the injection into the graphene sheet, which are enforced by the presence of the Ohmic contacts, determine the current-voltage characteristics.

An efficient and accurate method to obtain the energy-dependent Green function for general potentials

Time-dependent quantum mechanics provides an intuitive picture of particle propagation in external fields. Semiclassical methods link the classical trajectories of particles with their quantum mechanical propagation. Many analytical results and a variety of numerical methods have been developed to solve the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. The time-dependent methods work for nearly arbitrarily shaped potentials, including sources and sinks via complex-valued potentials. Many quantities are measured at fixed energy, which is seemingly not well suited for a time-dependent formulation. Very few methods exist to obtain the energy-dependent Green function for complicated potentials without resorting to ensemble averages or using certain lead-in arrangements. Here, we demonstrate in detail a time-dependent approach, which can accurately and effectively construct the energy-dependent Green function for very general potentials. The applications of the method are numerous, including chemical, mesoscopic, and atomic physics.

Imaging electrons in a magnetic field

Abstract We present simulations of an imaging mechanism that reveals the trajectories of electrons in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), as well as simulations of the electron flow in zero and small magnetic fields. The end goal of this work is to implement the proposed mechanism to image the flow of electrons inside a ballistic electron device from one specific point (A) to another (B) in a 2DEG, using a low-temperature scanning probe microscope with a charged tip. The tip changes the electron density in the 2DEG beneath it and deflects the electrons traveling nearby, thereby changing the conductance from point A to point B. The simulations presented here show that by measuring the transmission of electrons from A to B versus tip position, one can image the electron flow. This forward scattering mechanism is well suited for imaging in a magnetic field, in contrast to previous probes that depended on backscattering. One could use this technique to image cyclotron orbits in an electron-focusing geometry, in which electrons travel from point A to point B in semi-circular paths bouncing along a wall. Imaging the motion of electrons in magnetic fields is useful for the development of devices for spintronics and quantum information processing.