Robert E. Ratajczak

ASSEMBLAGE ORGANIZATION IN STREAM FISHES: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION AND INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS

We assessed the relative importance of environmental variation, interspecific competition for space, and predator abundance on assemblage structure and microhabitat use in a stream fish assemblage inhabiting Coweeta Creek, North Carolina, USA. Our study encompassed a 10–yr time span (1983–1992) and included some of the highest and lowest flows in the last 58 years. We collected 16 seasonal samples which included data on: (1) habitat availability (total and microhabitat) and microhabitat diversity, (2) assemblage structure (i.e., the number and abundances of species comprising a subset of the community), and (3) microhabitat use and overlap. We classified habitat availability data on the basis of year, season, and hydrologic period. Hydrologic period (i.e., pre–drought [PR], drought [D], and post–drought [PO]) represented the temporal location of a sample with respect to a four–year drought that occurred during the study. Hydrologic period explained a greater amount of variance in habitat availability data...

POPULATION DYNAMICS OF MOTTLED SCULPIN (PISCES) IN A VARIABLE ENVIRONMENT: INFORMATION THEORETIC APPROACHES

We used strong inference with Akaikes Information Criterion (AIC) to assess the processes capable of explaining long-term (1984-1995) variation in the per capita rate of change of mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi) populations in the Coweeta Creek drainage (USA). We sampled two fourth- and one fifth-order sites (BCA (uppermost), BCB, and CC (lowermost)) along a downstream gradient, and the study encompassed extensive flow variation. Physical habitat availability varied significantly both within and among the sites. Sculpin densities in all sites were highly stable (coefficients of variation 5 0.23-0.41) and sampling variability was low (coefficients of variation 5 0.11-0.15). Population sta- bility was positively associated with habitat stability, and the only significant correlations of population parameters among sites involved juveniles. Sculpin densities were signifi- cantly higher in BCB than in CC. The data suggest that, despite their proximity, the dynamics of populations within the sites are being determined by small-scale (i.e., 30-50 m) rather than broad-scale spatial processes. Both AIC and Dennis and Taper analyses indicated that simple density dependence had the greatest ability to explain variation in r for all life-history classes in all sites (AIC, seven of nine cases; Dennis and Taper, nine of nine cases). Multiprocess models had little explanatory power. When adults were removed from two sites, juvenile sculpin shifted into microhabitats formerly occupied by adults. No shifts occurred in control sites. Consequently, it is likely that the patterns of density dependence observed in all three sites were a consequence of intraspecific competition for space. Our findings argue for a multitiered approach to the study of population variation, one that encompasses long-term monitoring, spatial variation, and experimental testing of potential mechanisms.

Demographic characteristics of female mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi , in the Coweeta Creek drainage, North Carolina

We quantified: (1) growth rate, (2) length-mass relationships, (3) size- and age-specific fecundity, (4) egg size-frequencies, and (5) size- and age-specific egg diameter relationships for reproductively active female C. bairdi from one of the southern-most extant populations of this species (Coweeta Creek drainage, North Carolina). Gravid females were collected during February and March in 1993–1995, and 1998. Cottus bairdi reached an age of 7+ and 79 mm standard length. The youngest and smallest gravid female collected was a 41 mm 1+ individual. Mature 1+ females were not uncommon and we collected 21 during our study. All females older than age 2 were mature. Mean fecundity for C. bairdi at Coweeta was 71 eggs (range 9–166 eggs). We found significant positive relationships between fecundity and female length, weight and age. Female length and weight also significantly affected mean egg diameter, although the relationship was not linear. Neither female size or age significantly affected mean maximum egg diameters. Female C. bairdi from the Coweeta Creek drainage possess a unique suite of reproductive characteristics that may represent adaptations to the local selective regime or ecophenotypic variation.

Do Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris) Induce Microhabitat Shifts in Mottled Sculpin (Cottus bairdi)

In Coweeta Creek, North Carolina, mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi) co-occurred seasonally with a potential predator, rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris). We conducted experiments to determine whether rock bass affected microhabitat use by sculpin in an artificial stream. The general behavior and microhabitat use of both species in the artificial stream resembled those observed in Coweeta Creek. When all microhabitat observations were pooled, there was little evidence of predator-induced shifts by sculpin. However, at night in trials without predators, sculpin generally occurred farther from shelter, over greater amounts of gravel and lower quantities of erosional substrata. When we added predators, however, this response was obviated. Nonetheless, the lack of strong responses by sculpin to rock bass, coupled with their co-occurrence only during seasons of low metabolic activity, lead us to suspect that rock bass do not produce strong shifts in microhabitat use by most sculpin in the Coweeta drainage.

Simultaneous extraction and cleanup of high-lipid organs from white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) for multiple legacy and emerging organic contaminants using QuEChERS sample preparation

The objective of this research was to utilize the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method to extract a broad range of persistent organic pollutants from sturgeon organs (liver and gonad) as indicators of exposure. The analyte list was prioritized to include carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the most commonly occurring polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), persistent bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals (PBTs), and emergent contaminants of concern (ECCs) as indicators of human sewage exposure. White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) were selected for this study to support a larger ecotoxicological study to monitor contaminants as an assessment of fish health. Organ tissues contained high lipid content with percentages of 15% and 34% for liver and gonad, respectively. Overall recoveries from fortified sturgeon tissues were high, 71-98% for PAHs, 60-107% for PBDEs and PCBs, 86-107% for PBT chemicals, and 88-107% for ECCs with the exception of octinoxate (28%) from liver tissues. Analyte recovery trends decreased as analyte lipophilicity and molecular weight increased. These recoveries demonstrate that extraction using QuEChERS can be used for screening of the most common bioaccumulating organic compounds in high lipid fish tissue using a single extraction and analysis.