Robert Krieg

Impact of structured product definition on market success

Siemens recently launched a new product, the MAGNETOM Avanto, onto the market. The initial customer reaction was tremendous. The product definition followed a structured process and state‐of‐the‐art tools like quality function deployment (QFD) and conjoint analysis were applied. This paper analyses the impact of all these efforts in product definition on market success. It retrospectively summarizes the benefits from various tools and methods. The medical equipment market, its mechanisms and special features are introduced in a case study of magnetic resonance imaging equipment developed at Siemens Medical Solutions. The decision‐making or purchasing process in this market is very complex. Therefore dedicated market research approaches using a variety of different methods were required. Focus groups, conjoint analysis, broadband surveys and face‐to‐face interviews were all useful. In addition, an astute segmentation of the individual groups that influence a purchasing decision had to be made. From all these market research activities a company normally ends up with an immense amount of contradicting requirements. The article shows how these requirements were converted into a clear system specification and new technological solutions. The Siemens MAGNETOM Avanto has been very successful in the market. Customer reaction and feedback indicates that the product has many unique selling points, best performance in many aspects, and no major weaknesses. Siemens believes that this is due to the very systematic and comprehensive approach of the product definition.

Semi-Automatic Lymph Node Segmentation in LN-MRI

Accurate staging of nodal cancer still relies on surgical exploration because many primary malignancies spread via lymphatic dissemination. The purpose of this study was to utilize nanoparticle-enhanced lymphotropic magnetic resonance imaging (LN-MRI) to explore semi-automated noninvasive nodal cancer staging. We present a joint image segmentation and registration approach, which makes use of the problem specific information to increase the robustness of the algorithm to noise and weak contrast often observed in medical imaging applications. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated with a given lymph node segmentation problem in post-contrast pelvic MRI sequences.

Acoustic radiation force contrast in MRI: detection of calcifications in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

PURPOSE Mammography is a widely used tool for the screening of breast cancer, and calcifications are a common finding in most mammograms. The location, size, number, morphology, and distribution of calcifications are an important information to differentiate a benign lesion from probably malignant pathologies. Calcifications are not detectable with a standard dynamic contrast enhanced breast MRI. The authors present a novel method for the detection and imaging of calcifications in breast tissue without ionizing radiation or contrast agents. METHODS Measurements of localized tissue displacement in phantoms due to applied acoustic radiation force were performed. This displacement was imaged with a displacement sensitive spin-echo MRI sequence. Pieces of eggshell that represent calcifications were embedded in tissue-mimicking agarose phantoms. The sizes of the calcifications were 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.4, 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.4, and 2 x 3 x 0.4 mm3. The calcifications were scanned with ultrasound (U.S.) at 2.5 MHz and intensities up to I(spta) =7.18 W/cm2. The U.S. beam was moved inside the phantom by a computer-controlled three-dimensional hydraulic positioning system. The U.S. beam was scanned over the two smaller calcifications with the displacement sensitivity of the MRI sequence parallel to the U.S. beam path. Grayscale coded maps of the displacement scans are presented. For the 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.4 mm3 calcification, the U.S. intensities were varied. Finite element simulations were performed to verify if the experiments complied with theory. RESULTS The authors found that the displacement caused by the U.S. is increased at the position of the calcification. The area of increased displacement is at least twice as large as the calcification itself. The simulations show this increase in displacement and area at the position of the calcification. When changing the displacement sensitivity direction to perpendicular to the U.S. beam, a crossed black and white four-leaf clover is visible at the position of the calcification. CONCLUSIONS The U.S. is scattered and reflected by the calcifications. This leads to the increased displacement which is transmitted to the surrounding material because of the elastic coupling between the calcification and the agarose material. Due to the high differences in acoustic impedance and elastic properties between the surrounding tissue and the calcification, even the detection of pieces smaller than the resolution of the MRI scanner is possible. The acoustic radiation force contrast in MR phase-difference images offers a positive signal for calcifications from a smooth background in phantoms. This method offers a possibility of differentiating qualitatively and quantitatively hard calcifications from stiffer inclusions such as tumors.

MRI and CT tracking of mesenchymal stem cells with novel perfluorinated alginate microcapsules

Background and objectives Stem cell therapies, although promising for treating ischemic arterial diseases, suffer from poor engraftment and the inability to noninvasively monitor and track transplanted cells in vivo. Stem cell microencapsulation in conjunction with an imaging contrast agent provides a means to prevent cell immunorejection and enable cell tracking with appropriate imaging modalities. The objective of this study was to design and evaluate a novel MRIand CT-visible, immunoprotectable alginate microcapsule containing an imaging contrast agent, perfluorooctylbromide (PFOB), for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery.