Robert N. Gwynne

Views from the periphery: Futures of neoliberalism in Latin America

The political economy of Latin American countries seems increasingly characterised by neoliberal approaches. Economic factors at the global and continental scale seem to reinforce this trend. This article explores the social bases of neoliberalism not only in terms of the technocratic but also of the wider social and political base. The connections between neoliberal reform, people and places are explored through examining the nature of exportorientated growth, the transformations of labour markets, the social impacts of reform, poverty and the changing social provision of the state. The contradictions within the neoliberal model are examined before the future of neoliberalism and the prospects for alternative development strategies and sociopolitical scenarios are considered. In particular, the arguments from neostructuralist contributions are assessed and some of the contrasts between neoliberal and neostructural theories identified.

Globalisation, Commodity Chains and Fruit Exporting Regions in Chile

This paper explores the concept of the globalisation of agriculture and how export-oriented agriculture in Chile interacts with the global agri-food system. It tries to analyse change in the Chilean fruit sector within the framework of the global commodity chain in which production in one part of the world economy can be linked through contracts and the agency of fruit companies to consumption in other global locations. The commodity chain analysis is traced down to the local scale of an export-oriented fruit-producing area in Chile where the impacts of contract farming on land markets, small- and large-scale farming, labour relations and peasant communities are explored.

Agrarian Change and the Democratic Transition in Chile: an Introduction

Abstract The aim of this overview article is to sketch out the broad path of agrarian transformation in Chile since 1973 in order to better contextualise agrarian change and the democratic transition in Chile, the main theme that links the papers in this Special Issue. The legacy of the military governments neoliberal policies on the agricultural sector is analysed before the key themes of agrarian policy during the democratic transition are introduced. The themes of productive transformation and greater equity are focused upon and the articles in this volume put into this context.

Non-Traditional Export Growth and Economic Development: The Chilean Forestry Sector Since 1974

In the late 1980s and 1990s, a major shift in the orientation of economic policy has occurred in the majority of Latin American countries. Since the World Depression of 1929-1933, Latin American countries have been characterised by inward orientation. Inward orientation was associated with policies of protectionism, import substitution industrialisation, antagonism and scepticism towards direct foreign investment and a striving for technological nationalism (Glade, 1969). However, since the early 1980s, it has become evident that a shift towards outward orientation has become an essential component of renewing economic growth after the slump and stagnation ofthe debt crisis (Balassa etai, 1986; Gwynne, 1990). Outward orientation can broadly be defined as a policy which seeks greater links between the national economy ofa country and that ofthe world economy as a whole. There are three major components in outward orienta? tion. First, there is the need to boost export trade by reducing or eliminating protectionist rules and creating a more effective exchange rate; this is the policy of trade liberalisation (Baldwin, 1988; Krueger, 1990). Secondly, it is necessary to reduce or eliminate the restrictions on inward investment that became a particular characteristic ofthe 1970s; this can be termed the policy of attracting direct foreign investment (Naya, 1990). Thirdly, there is the imperative for Latin American governments to react to the poor record of technological progress under inward orientation; it is necessary, therefore, to develop policies to improve the national technological capabilities of Latin American economies (Pietrobelli, 1990). However, a half-century of import substitution industrialisation in Latin America has had a differential impact on the economic structures of large and small countries (Gwynne, 1985). Large countries with important domestic markets, most notably Brazil and Mexico, were able to promote a much more substantial and competitive manufacturing sector than smaller countries with relatively tiny domestic markets. As Latin American govern? ments have shifted from inwardto outward-oriented policies, smaller countries have had to make these changes with a relatively uncompetitive and small manufacturing base. As a result, in the smaller countries, the shift to outward orientation has not tended to be associated with a rise in manufacturing exports but rather with

New horizons? : Third World industrialization in an international framework

Part 1 The international framework: the evolution of an interdependent world - world production and trade in the 19th century, the world economy in the 20th century, economic cycles and their impact international trade and economic growth - international trade theory and the Third World, price behaviour of primary products, terms of trade capital constraints on Third World development - capital flows into Latin america since World War II, capital flows and the Third World. Part 2 Perspectives on industrial growth in the Third World: theories of industrialism and the role of government - the Rostow model, the Gerschenkron model, the Parsonian approach, relevence for Third World industrialization, the role of government trade policy and industrialization - trade strategies and industrial growth, trade liberalism in Chile 1973-87, implications of the Chilean model global shift? product life cycles and protectionism technological change - economies of scale, import substitution, export promotion, import substitution, export promotion and technological change the multinational corporation and Third World industrialization - changing nature and spatial influence of multinational corporations, some theoretical perspectives. Part 3 Case study: The global case industry and the Third World - past transformations in the world car industry, the fourth transformation?, the Third World car industry - strategies for growth, technological divergence - Third World as marginal producer. Part 4 Continental perspectives: Latin America - the heritage of inward-oriented industrialization - the origins and nature of inward orientation, towards a new phase of outward orientation?, inward orientation and spatial concentration East Asia - the heritage of outward orientation - the Japanese case study, prospects for further generations of industrializing countries in East Asia Third World industrialization in an international framework - the case for outward orientation, the future for industry in the Third World, the Pacific rim-focus of manufacturing growth into the 21st century.

Clusters and Commodity Chains: Firm Responses to Neoliberalism in Latin America

TAKING THE WHEEL: AUTO-PARTS FIRMS AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRAZIL. By Caren Addis. (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 1999. Pp. 257.

Latin America Transformed: Globalization and Modernity

47.50 cloth,

Governance and the wine commodity chain: Upstream and downstream strategies in New Zealand and Chilean wine firms

18.95 paper.) DYNAMIC AGROINDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF COMPETITIVE SECTORS IN ARGENTINA AND CHILE. By Gabriel Casaburi (London: MacMillan, 1999. Pp. 234.

Transnational capitalism and local transformation in Chile

65.00 cloth.) FREE TRADE AND UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT: THE NORTH AMERICAN APPAREL INDUSTRY AFTER NAFTA. Edited by Gary Gereffi, David Spener, and Jennifer Bair. (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2002. Pp. 368.

EXPORT‐ORIENTATION AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND AND CHILEAN WINE PRODUCTION

74.50 cloth,