Robert Wilkes

Using rbcL sequence data to reassess the taxonomic position of some Grateloupia and Dermocorynus species (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from the north-eastern Atlantic

Grateloupia is one of the most taxonomically complex genera of the Cryptonemiales. Of four species reported to occur in Ireland and Britain, only G. filicina (J.V. Lamouroux) C. Agardh and G. dichotoma J. Agardh are considered as native, with Grateloupia filicina var. luxurians A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp and G. doryphora (Montagne) Howe thought to be recent introductions. Sequence data from the plastid-encoded rbcL gene have been used to assist in clarifying the taxonomic position of these and other members of the Halymeniaceae from Ireland, Britain and neighbouring coasts. Molecular and morphological evidence indicate that the introduced alga G. filicina var. luxurians is only distantly related to the type species, G. filicina. It is here raised to species status as G. luxurians (A. Gepp & E.S. Gepp) R.J. Wilkes, L.M. McIvor & Guiry, stat. nov. A further species, Grateloupia minima P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan, has also been reported in the north-eastern Atlantic, but is currently considered as a seasonal or juvenile form of G. filicina. Based on morphological evidence and sequence data, G. minima is distinct from G. filicina, and is hereby reinstated. Although rarely reported, the closely related taxon, Dermocorynus montagnei P. L. Crouan & H. M. Crouan was also included in this study. Molecular and morphological data place Dermocorynus in a clade of Grateloupia species and we therefore propose that Dermocorynus be placed in synonymy with Grateloupia. The relationship between morphology and phylogeny within Grateloupia is discussed in the light of these results.

Dissolved oxygen levels in estuarine and coastal waters around Ireland

This paper presents the status of summer oxygen conditions in estuarine and coastal waters around Ireland between 2003 and 2007. Of the 95 water bodies surveyed, 85 had oxygen levels sufficient to support aquatic life. This corresponds to a surface area of 3125 km(2) or 99.4% of the total area assessed. Ten water bodies, representing a surface area of 20.2 km(2), were deficient in oxygen but still capable of supporting most aquatic life. No evidence of hypoxia (<2.0mg/l O(2)) or anoxia (<0.2mg/l O(2)) was found. Dissolved oxygen conditions in a number of estuaries continue to improve, probably due to improved municipal waste water treatment. The implementation of measures contained in both the Nitrates and Urban Waste Water Treatment Directives, together with those of the Water Framework Directive, should ensure areas of oxygen deficiency are eliminated from Irish waters.

Seasonal growth and recruitment of Himanthalia elongata (Fucales, Phaeophycota) in different habitats on the Irish west coast

Vegetative and reproductive growth of individually marked plants of the brown alga Himanthalia elongata was monitored over 2·5 years at two sites with different wave exposures on the Irish west coast. Macro-recruits were first visible to the unaided eye in February/March. About 65% of all buttons produced receptacles during autumn of the same year, whereas others remained sterile. Growth of receptacles started between late August and late November, when vegetative plants were 9–14 months old, but no further plants became reproductive after December. At both sites, length increase of receptacles was greatest between February and April, but only longitudinal growth occurred and no more new dichotomies were produced. At the more wave-exposed site, growth was fastest in plants growing in red algal turfs and slowest in plants on open rock. Growth rates were maximal when seawater temperatures were 10–12 °C in early spring but decreased from May onwards with the maturation of receptacles aged 7–9 months in June....

Vegetative morphology and rbcL phylogeny of some members of the genera Botryocladia and Irvinea (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)

R.J. Wilkes, L. McIvor and M.D. Guiry. 2006. Vegetative morphology and rbcL phylogeny of some members of the genera Botryocladia and Irvinea (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). Phycologia 45: 481–494. DOI: 10.2216/05-11.1 Botryocladia is a genus of marine red algae (Rhodophyta) generally found in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate seas. There are currently 35 described species, but the taxonomic status of many of these remains confused. Recently, the genus was split into two genera, with the new genus, Irvinea, described based on morphological and molecular evidence. Only one species, I. ardreana, is currently assigned to the newer genus. For this study, a number of cultured Botryocladia and Irvinea strains from the Mediterranean and Caribbean were examined. Each was examined microscopically and the key features currently used for identification were evaluated. Up to 1277 bp of the rbcL gene was PCR amplified for each isolate and directly sequenced. The molecular data confirm that the species currently considered as Botryocladia do not form a monophyletic group. Botryocladia boergesenii grouped in a clade with I. ardreana with the remaining Botryocladia species in a separate grouping. We propose the transfer of B. boergesenii to the genus Irvinea on the basis of the molecular and morphological data. Morphological and molecular data for the other species examined were also evaluated although little correlation between the morphological features and the rbcL data was observed. The taxonomic utility of some of the morphological features is called into doubt, although clear differences between the genera Botryocladia and Irvinea can be seen. In addition to the morphological features currently regarded as important intergeneric characters, the presence of branched vesicles as an indicator for species of Irvinea should be added.

Assessment and Characterisation of Ireland's Green Tides (Ulva Species)

Enrichment of nutrients and metals in seawater associated with anthropogenic activities can threaten aquatic ecosystems. Consequently, nutrient and metal concentrations are parameters used to define water quality. The European Union’s Water Framework Directive (WFD) goes further than a contaminant-based approach and utilises indices to assess the Ecological Status (ES) of transitional water bodies (e.g. estuaries and lagoons). One assessment is based upon the abundance of opportunistic Ulva species, as an indication of eutrophication. The objective of this study was to characterise Ireland’s Ulva blooms through the use of WFD assessment, metal concentrations and taxonomic identity. Furthermore, the study assessed whether the ecological assessment is related to the metal composition in the Ulva. WFD algal bloom assessment revealed that the largest surveyed blooms had an estimated biomass of 2164 metric tonnes (w/w). DNA sequences identified biomass from all locations as Ulva rigida, with the exception of New Quay, which was Ulva rotundata. Some blooms contained significant amounts of As, Cu, Cr, Pb and Sn. The results showed that all metal concentrations had a negative relationship (except Se) with the Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR). However, only in the case of Mn were these differences significant (p = 0.038). Overall, the metal composition and concentrations found in Ulva were site dependent, and not clearly related to the ES. Nevertheless, sites with a moderate or poor ES had a higher variability in the metals levels than in estuaries with a high ES.