Roberto A. Scasso

Sr-87/Sr-86 Late Miocene age of fossil molluscs in the 'Entrerriense' of the Valdes Peninsula (Chubut, Argentina)

87Sr/86Sr analysis on calcitic shells of pectinids (Chlamys actinodes and Chesapecten crassus) and oysters (Ostrea sp.) shows that the ‘Entrerriense’ sequence belonging to the Puerto Madryn Formation, Valdes Peninsula (Chubut), was deposited at about Full-size image (<1 K) Thus, a middle Tortonian age is assigned to the sequence. Within the sequence, the pectinids better retain their original 87Sr/86Sr ratio, whilst the oysters are altered and yield older-than-real ages. The latter is the result of greater susceptibility to interaction with diagenetic fluids bearing Sr derived from the alteration of tuffaceous materials and volcanic rocks of intermediate and basic composition.

Cretaceous/Paleogene Floral Turnover in Patagonia: Drop in Diversity, Low Extinction, and a Classopollis Spike

Nearly all data regarding land-plant turnover across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary come from western North America, relatively close to the Chicxulub, Mexico impact site. Here, we present a palynological analysis of a section in Patagonia that shows a marked fall in diversity and abundance of nearly all plant groups across the K/Pg interval. Minimum diversity occurs during the earliest Danian, but only a few palynomorphs show true extinctions. The low extinction rate is similar to previous observations from New Zealand. The differing responses between the Southern and Northern hemispheres could be related to the attenuation of damage with increased distance from the impact site, to hemispheric differences in extinction severity, or to both effects. Legacy effects of the terminal Cretaceous event also provide a plausible, partial explanation for the fact that Paleocene and Eocene macrofloras from Patagonia are among the most diverse known globally. Also of great interest, earliest Danian assemblages are dominated by the gymnosperm palynomorphs Classopollis of the extinct Mesozoic conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae. The expansion of Classopollis after the boundary in Patagonia is another example of typically Mesozoic plant lineages surviving into the Cenozoic in southern Gondwanan areas, and this greatly supports previous hypotheses of high latitude southern regions as biodiversity refugia during the end-Cretaceous global crisis.

Nature and Origin of Spectacular Marine Miocene Shell Beds of Northeastern Patagonia (Argentina): Paleoecological and Bathymetric Significance

Abstract Biofacies and taphonomic analysis has allowed for the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental history of accumulation of a series of spectacular mollusk-dominated shell-concentrations from the Puerto Madryn Formation and the benthic assemblages that inhabited the Miocene sea in northern Patagonia, Argentina. An upward-shallowing from open mid-shelf to more restricted shoreface-foreshore environments has been recognized. Transgressive, Maximum Highstand and Regressive phases are recognized based on the integrated approach of assemblages and lithofacies arrangement. Eleven mollusk-dominated fossil assemblages were defined and grouped into Associations A, B, and C. Transgressive and Maximum Highstand phases preserve three main shell beds that record an upwards change from dynamic to complete bypassing conditions. These were deposited in tidal current-dominated mid- and inner-shelf environments and belong within Association A. The top bedding surface records the maximum depth attained by the sea. The Regressive Phase is characterized by three upward-deepening cycles comprised of foreshore-shoreface sandbar deposits containing Association C. Sandbars are capped by environmentally condensed shell-beds of Association B and record deposition from the shoreface (wave-breaking zone) to mid-shelf environments, all above storm-wave base. Based on these fossil assemblages, seven benthic life associations can be identified. The deepest ones inhabited the mid-to-inner shelf and were represented by suspension-feeders from gravel-substrata swept by strong tidal currents and by suspension-feeders from lower energy firm bottoms. Lower shoreface sandy bottoms, close to fairweather wave base and affected by weak tidal currents, were inhabited by epifaunal suspension-feeders, whereas sandy bottoms close to the fairweather wave-breaking zone were characterized by semi-infaunal deposit feeders and suspension feeders. The shallowest living assemblages inhabited intertidal and foreshore settings and were represented by soft-bottom infaunal suspension feeders, as well as by firm bottom, vagile carnivorous and suspension-feeding epifauna.

Lithofacies, biofacies, and ichnoassemblage evolution of a shallow submarine volcaniclastic fan-shelf depositional system (Upper Cretaceous, James Ross Island, Antarctica)

The Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-Campanian/lower Maastrichtian) Santa Marta Formation on James Ross Island, Antarctica, represents volcaniclastic shallow marine fan and shelf sedimentation adjacent to an active volcanic arc. A combined analysis of sedimentologic, paleoecologic, and ichnologic data allows for the recognition in this unit of six lithofacies associations, eight biofacies, and five trace fossils assemblages. Lithofacies are dominated by fine, massive, tuffaceous rocks; graded, turbidite-like tuffaceous sandstones; carbonaceous mudstones; resedimented conglomerates; coquinas; sandstones; silty sandstones; and minor stromatolite beds. Biofacies are defined by different composition and relative abundance of elements of the benthic fauna, mainly bivalves, gastropods, and serpulids, with minor elements represented by scaphopods, corals, brachiopods, and echinoids. Trace fossil assemblages include the most common elements of the Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies. A striking result of the analysis is that lithofacies, biofacies, and trace fossil assemblages form distinct, non-repetitive, vertically successive horizons, with their distribution boundaries roughly coincident. On this basis, seven major facies groups, showing a distinct combination of lithofacies, biofacies, and trace fossils, are distinguished in the Santa Marta Formation. These non-repetitive, vertically stacked facies groups reveal a one-way evolution of the depositional system during a transgressive-regressive cycle, with a new transgression at the top of the unit. The lower facies groups represent shallow marine settings with a very high rate of volcaniclastic sedimentation within subsiding basin. Shallow, volcaniclastic fan systems were probably formed at the base of delta slope and grew rapidly as a consequence of high sedimentary supply in equilibrium with basin subsidence. The upper facies groups probably represent sedimentation within the marine part of the envisaged deltaic system on a more stable shelf with diminished volcaniclastic sedimentary input.

Faunal evidence for reduced productivity and uncoordinated recovery in Southern Hemisphere Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sections

The mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary is generally explained by a severe crisis in primary productivity, following a catastrophic bolide impact. Consistent with this scenario, Danian mollusk-dominated benthic shelf ecosystems of southern middle paleolatitudes (Neuquen Basin, Argentina) are characterized by (1) a stratigraphically limited low in macrofossil abundances; (2) an increase in starvation-resistant, nonplanktotrophic deposit feeders and chemosymbionts; (3) a reduction in the average body size of individuals; and (4) individuals with inactive lifestyles being more common than in the late Maastrichtian. Return to pre-extinction conditions of the various synecological attributes occurred over unequal time spans, indicating that recovery was uncoordinated with respect to ecological traits. Global comparison of ecological patterns suggests that reduced food supply (1) was a controlling factor in both hemispheres; (2) affected macrobenthic marine faunas at various distances from the Chicxulub impact site; and (3) was more effective in siliciclastic environments as compared to oligotrophic carbonate settings.

Presence of large pumice blocks on Tierra del Fuego and South Shetland Islands shorelines, from 1962 South Sandwich Islands eruption

Abstract We report on the source of pumice found on beaches of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) and the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica), north and south of the Drake Passage. Petrological studies, chemical analyses and experiments on this pumice indicate it is most likely from a 1962 submarine eruption in the South Sandwich Islands. Previous work stated that clockwise marine currents carried such pumice as far as Tasmania. Our findings show that the currents continued to transport the pumice to Drake Passage, nearly completing a circuit around Antarctica, and up to southern Argentina showing that this material can follow complex pathways for more than 20 000 km.

LATE JURASSIC FISHES FROM LONGING GAP, ANTARCTIC PENINSULA

Abstract Few records of Late Jurassic fishes have been reported previously from Antarctica. They include an indeterminate teleost from the Ameghino (Nordenskjöld) Formation at Longing Gap and two incomplete aspidorhynchiforms from James Ross Island, all of presumed Late Jurassic age. New fish material recently recovered in the Upper Jurassic of Longing Gap is described. The new material consists of one piece of body squamation, which, based on the structure of the scales, corresponds to a new genus and species (Ameghinichthys antarcticus gen. et sp. nov.) of an indeterminate actinopterygian family; one aspidorhynchiform identified as Vinctifer sp. due to the structure and distribution of the scales; and numerous specimens of a new ichthyodectiform, Antarctithrissops seymouri gen. et sp. nov. This new genus differs from European ichthyodectiforms in the shape of the preopercle, the presence of long sensory preopercular branches almost reaching the posterior margin of the bone, and the uncommon structure of the scales, with a fine layer of bone obscuring the circuli. The presence of Vinctifer in the Antarctic is consistent with its other Gondwanan records. The Ichthyodectiformes, previously known from four European genera, extends the distribution of the group to the southernmost part of the Southern Hemisphere during the Late Jurassic. In contrast to most non-teleostean fishes, the known Late Jurassic teleosts apparently are species endemic to restricted areas in the Southern Hemisphere.

Cenozoic phosphatic deposits in North Patagonia, Argentina: Phosphogenesis, sequence-stratigraphy and paleoceanography

Abstract Paleoenvironmental analysis of the Cenozoic marine section cropping out near Gaiman (Chubut Province, Argentina) shows that most of the local succession was deposited in a shallow, storm-dominated marine environment, bearing well preserved Ophiomorpha fossil traces. Sequence-stratigraphic interpretation records the effect of three sea-level oscillations. Phosphatic strata are related to mostly in situ concretions developed within transgressive-early highstand system tracts (Type 1) and to reworked and winnowed lags associated with transgressive surfaces (Type 2) which display a concentration of phosphatic concretions, ooids, vertebrate bones, teeth and shells. Close association of Callianasid bioturbation (Ophiomorpha) and phosphatic levels suggest a genetic link for both, via improved early-diagenetic water circulation and Fe and P early-diagenetic cycling. Phosphogenesis would have taken place after cold and corrosive water, probably similar to the present Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), flooded the continental shelf and mixed with warmer surficial waters. This mixing could explain the contrasting indications from the marine vertebrate fauna together with the general corrosion and replacement processes that are common in the Gaiman strata. The development of the phosphorites would have occurred at times of global climatic transition and increased oceanic circulation, probably during the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene.

Geochemistry and petrology of a Middle Tithonian limestone-marl rhythmite in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina: depositional and burial history

Abstract The Middle Tithonian Los Catutos Member (Vaca Muerta Formation, Neuquén Basin), is lithologically and geochemically similar to limestone-marl alternations from the Late Jurassic of the northern hemisphere. Both marls and limestones are pelbiomicrites and biopelmicrites principally composed of pellets, radiolaria, forams, ostracods, equinoids, spicules of sponges and gastropods, cemented by several generations of calcite cement. Smectite and interlayers are the major epiclastic components of the fraction below 2 μm, reflecting pedogenic processes developed on volcanogenic source rocks. More abundant kaolinite in some marls reflects stronger humid conditions in the source area and enhanced terrigenous supply. Al2O3 content is demonstrated to be a reliable indicator of clastic input. The same is not true for silica, often related to high biogenic productivity of siliceous organisms. Rocks show total organic carbon (TOC) contents up to 1.95% and constitute regular to good sources for hydrocarbons, although thermally immature. Rhythmites formed gently sloping mounds accumulated in a distal submarine ramp under low-energy and poorly oxygenated open-sea conditions. Sedimentation rates were high due to high productivity on the sea surface, and supply of terrigenous and carbonate sediments transported by suspension plumes originated in shallow, photic areas. δ13C values correspond well with the published curves for the Tithonian sea water and with other records from Tethyan limestones. A preliminary analysis of negative excursions of δ13C point to a productivity crisis or a mixture of water layers in a stratified sea with a periodicity of 400 ka, which could be a result of changes in the orbital eccentricity of the Earth. Light isotopic composition of O in bulk rocks is the result of diagenetic neomorphism and cement precipitation. Calculated palaeotemperatures from δ18C are consistent with those derived from measured vitrinite reflectance (Ro%) and burial history reconstruction. Data indicate initial burial during the Tithonian extending up to the Lower Cretaceous, a short period of uplift (Intravalaginian tectonic phase), and renewed uplift during the Cenomanian followed by significant Late Cretaceous sedimentation and Pliocene thrusting.

Insights into the distribution of shallow-marine to estuarine early Miocene oysters from southwestern Patagonia: Sedimentologic and stable isotope constraints

ABSTRACT The lower Miocene Estancia 25 de Mayo Formation consists of shallow-marine to estuarine deposits that bear numerous oyster shell beds distributed throughout the succession. Facies analysis reveals that oysters grew in the nearshore paleoenvironments of both the lower Quién Sabe and the upper Bandurrias members. Two oyster species were identified: Crassostrea(?) hatcheri, distributed in the lower two thirds of the column, and Crassostrea orbignyi, distributed in the upper third of the column within the transition from marine to the fluvial deposits of the overlying Santa Cruz Formation. Petrographic, cathodoluminiscence, and carbon and oxygen stable isotope analyses of individual growth increments were performed on carbonate from all the oyster beds, together with consecutive time-series analyses for one specimen of each species. The isotopic composition of the shell seems to be associated with the microstructure of the growth increments. Selective diagenetic alteration affected chalky growth increments; whereas translucent (foliated and prismatic) growth increments are well preserved and can be used to infer paleoenvironmental conditions. Isotopic data indicate that C.(?) hatcheri lived in normal marine waters with a range of paleotemperatures from 10.6 to 20.5 °C. Monospecific beds of this oyster are related to opportunistic and quick colonization of the sea bottom. More negative &dgr;13C and &dgr;18O values in C. orbignyi shells likely reflect decreased paleosalinities, and the resultant environmental stress controlled the development of these low-diversity oyster accumulations. The separate stratigraphic distribution of each species was therefore determined by the paleoenvironmental conditions.