Robin Barlow

Urinary Tract Infection

PURPOSE To estimate the annual incidence, cumulative probability of presumed urinary tract infection (UTI) by age, and the social costs. METHODS Analysis of a random digit dialing survey of 2000 women in the United States. RESULTS 10.8 percent (95% CI: 9.4, 12.1%) of women aged 18 and older reported at least one presumed UTI during the past 12 months, with the majority of the cases occurring among women with a history of two or more UTI episodes in their life. We estimate that by age 24, one-third of women will have at least one physician-diagnosed UTI that was treated with prescription medication. Overall, an estimated 11.3 million women in the United States had at least one presumed UTI treated with antibiotics in 1995. We estimate the annual cost of UTI cases with prescriptions to be

Urinary tract infection: self-reported incidence and associated costs.

1.6 billion in 1995. If the costs occurring after 1995 are discounted at 5% annually, the total cost over 20 years has a present value of

Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs.

25.5 billion. CONCLUSION If a vaccine were developed that would prevent either initial or recurrent UTI the net benefits to society would be substantial, even at a developmental cost of one billion dollars.

Socially marketed insecticide-treated nets effectively reduce Plasmodium infection and anaemia among children in urban Malawi

PURPOSE To estimate the annual incidence, cumulative probability of presumed urinary tract infection (UTI) by age, and the social costs. METHODS Analysis of a random digit dialing survey of 2000 women in the United States. RESULTS 10.8 percent (95% CI: 9.4, 12.1%) of women aged 18 and older reported at least one presumed UTI during the past 12 months, with the majority of the cases occurring among women with a history of two or more UTI episodes in their life. We estimate that by age 24, one-third of women will have at least one physician-diagnosed UTI that was treated with prescription medication. Overall, an estimated 11.3 million women in the United States had at least one presumed UTI treated with antibiotics in 1995. We estimate the annual cost of UTI cases with prescriptions to be

Determinants of National Life Expectancy

1.6 billion in 1995. If the costs occurring after 1995 are discounted at 5% annually, the total cost over 20 years has a present value of

The Turkish export boom: Just reward or just lucky?

25.5 billion. CONCLUSION If a vaccine were developed that would prevent either initial or recurrent UTI the net benefits to society would be substantial, even at a developmental cost of one billion dollars.

Economic Growth in the Middle East, 1950–1972

Background and Objectives: Incidence of Candida vaginitis by age and racial or ethnic group is poorly described. Goal: Estimate incidence, cumulative probability of presumed C vaginitis by age, racial or ethnic group, and associated costs. Study Design: Random digit‐dialing survey of 2000 US women. Results: A total of 6.5 percent (95% CI, 5.4‐7.5%) of women older than 18 years reported a least one episode of presumed C vaginitis during the previous 2 months. Women reporting a 1‐year period with four or more episodes comprised 8.0% of the sample but accounted for 37.2% of women reporting episodes. Black women reported approximately three times more yeast infections in the previous 2 months (17.4%; 95% CI, 11.2‐23.5%) than white women (5.8%; 95% CI, 4.7‐6.9%). Conclusion: The high incidence and the propensity for recurrence underscore the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis, and stress the need for the development of more accurate, rapid diagnostics and effective treatments.

Taxation in Niger: Problems and proposals

Background  Use of insecticide‐treated nets (ITNs) has become a central focus for the Roll Back Malaria campaign, and many countries in Africa have now embarked on large‐scale public health programmes aimed at making ITNs available to those at greatest risk. However, the effectiveness of these programmes has rarely been evaluated.

The Tax That Failed: The VAT in Niger

ABSTRACT This paper presents a multivariate cross-national analysis of life expectancy at birth in 1990. A model of life expectancy is used which distinguishes between proximate and distal determinants, and measures the direct and indirect effects of the distal variables. It is found that literacy, per capita income, and access to safe water supplies have significantly positive effects on life expectancy. Fertility and tropical location have significant negative effects, and per capita food consumption of animal products shows an inverted-U relationship with life expectancy. Per capita health expenditure and the urbanization rate appear to be weak determinants.

Empirical findings on the association between education and child health status: discussion.

Abstract After adopting outward-oriented policies like exchange rate depreciation, export subsidies, and import liberalization, Turkey experienced an export boom in the 1980s and beyond. This paper attempts to measure the extent to which the boom was due to the policies undertaken, and the extent to which it was due to external circumstances such as the Iran-Iraq war, changes in consumer incomes in Turkeys markets in Europe and the Middle East, and rainfall fluctuations, Regression analyses with annual data for 1966–1991 suggest that the boom was indeed mostly the result of policy, with rising incomes in Europe after 1985 being the strongest of the external influences on export growth.