Robin R. Milhausen

Does the sexual double standard still exist? Perceptions of university women

Conflicting research findings regarding the sexual double standard have led to much debate over its existence in North American society. Using a diversity of measures, 165 women at a Canadian university were surveyed to determine their perceptions and behaviors regarding the sexual double standard. The normative belief that men are rewarded for having a high number of sexual partners, whereas women are penalized for similar behavior is one major component of the sexual double standard that was studied. The most striking finding was the discrepancy between the womens perception of the sexual double standard at the societal level and their own personal rejection of the double standard. Most respondents believed other women were more likely to enforce the double standard than were men. Women who had many previous sexual partners were more accepting of men who had many partners. The value of using a diversity of measures to study the complexities of the double standard is illustrated.

Condom use errors and problems: a global view

BACKGROUND Significantly more research attention has been devoted to the consistency of condom use, with far fewer studies investigating condom use errors and problems. The purpose of this review was to present the frequency of various condom use errors and problems reported worldwide. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted for peer-reviewed articles, published in English-language journals between 1995 and 2011. RESULTS Fifty articles representing 14 countries met criteria for inclusion. The most common errors included not using condoms throughout sex, not leaving space at the tip, not squeezing air from the tip, putting the condom on upside down, not using water-based lubricants and incorrect withdrawal. Frequent problems included breakage, slippage, leakage, condom-associated erection problems, and difficulties with fit and feel. Prevalence estimates showed great variation across studies. Prevalence varied as a function of the population studied and the period assessed. CONCLUSION Condom use errors and problems are common worldwide, occurring across a wide spectrum of populations. Although breakage and slippage were most commonly investigated, the prevalence of other condom use errors and problems found in this review were substantially higher. As a framework for understanding the role of condom errors and problems in inadequate protection, we put forward a new model: the Condom Use Experience model. This model can be used to generate testable hypotheses for future research. Addressing condom use errors and problems in research and interventions is crucial to closing the gap between the perfect use and typical use of condoms.

A decade in review: building on the experiences of past adolescent STI/HIV interventions to optimise future prevention efforts

The major purpose of this article is to systematically review and synthesise empirical findings from selected adolescent STI/HIV interventions conducted in the United States between 1994 and 2004. Specifically, the most current adolescent STI risk reduction interventions conducted in diverse venues, such as in the community, schools, clinics, and specialised adolescent centres (that is, detention homes and drug programmes) were examined for reported efficacy, and were assessed for programmatic and methodological strengths and weaknesses. Next, a subset of programmatic characteristics was identified that were associated with the efficacy of STI risk reduction programmes both within a particular venue, as well as across all venues. Finally, we discuss the research and practice implications of these findings for optimising future evidence based STI risk reduction programmes for adolescents in the United States.

Reconceptualizing the Sexual Double Standard

Abstract This study analyzes the prevalence of the sexual double standard using a diversity of measures. It distinguishes between the perception of the double standard at the societal level and ones personal acceptance of it. Young people (N = 413), ranging in age from 18 to 28, from three university classes and two community-based dating bars in Canada were surveyed to determine their attitudes and behaviors regarding the double standard. The majority of the participants perceived the double standard to exist with more women than men perceiving this, especially with regard to the issue of sexual freedom. On a personal level, however, most men and women held a single standard. There was a significant gender difference as men were more likely to endorse a double standard, whereas women were more likely to endorse a reverse double standard, in which mens sexual behavior was evaluated more harshly than that of womens. This study indicates that the double standard is more complex in nature than has previously been thought.

Men with broken condoms: Who and why?

Objectives: To identify (1) the prevalence of condom breakage, and demographic and sexuality-related differences among young men who have sex with women reporting and not reporting this event; (2) condom-specific behaviours associated with breakage. Methods: Young men (n = 278) attending a clinic for treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) responded to an anonymous questionnaire aided by a CD recording of the questions. The samples were screened to include only men who had used a condom during penile–vaginal sex at least three times in the past 3 months. Condom-specific behaviours (including breakage) were assessed using these last three acts of condom use as the recall period. Correlates achieving bivariate significance were subjected to multivariate analysis. Results: Nearly one third (31.3%) of the men reported recent breakage. The breakage rate was 15%. Three correlates significantly distinguished between men who did and did not report breakage. Men who had past STIs were more likely to report breakage (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.08), as were men who also reported condom slippage (AOR 2.72). Less self-efficacy for correct condom use was also significantly associated with breakage (AOR 1.07). Further, three condom-specific behaviours were significantly associated with breakage: allowing condoms to contact sharp objects (AOR 2.6), experiencing problems with the “fit or feel” of condoms (AOR 2.3) and not squeezing air from the receptacle tip (AOR 2.0). Conclusions: Breakage may be common and may occur in a larger context of difficulties with condoms. STI clinics could potentially benefit some men by providing instructions on the correct use of condoms.

Rural and nonrural African American high school students and STD/HIV sexual-risk behaviors.

OBJECTIVE To determine differences between African American adolescents on STD/HIV sexual-risk behaviors and precursors to these risk behaviors. METHODS Six hundred sixty-three rural and 3313 nonrural adolescents who completed the 1999 YRBS Survey were selected. RESULTS Rural females and males were more likely to report ever having coitus and not using a condom during last coitus. Rural females were also more likely to report early coistus, having 3 or more lifetime coital partners, and having more than 1 coital partner in the last 3 months. CONCLUSIONS African American rural adolescents, particularly females, may have greater risk for STD/HIV infection than do their nonrural counterparts.

Dominant Heterosexual Sexual Scripts in Emerging Adulthood: Conceptualization and Measurement

Sexual script research (Simon & Gagnon 1969, 1986) bourgeoned following Simon and Gagnons groundbreaking work. Empirical measurement of sexual script adherence has been limited, however, as no measures exist that have undergone rigorous development and validation. We conducted three studies to examine current dominant sexual scripts of heterosexual adults and to develop a measure of endorsement of these scripts. In Study 1, we conducted three focus groups of men (n = 19) and four of women (n = 20) to discuss the current scripts governing sexual behavior. Results supported scripts for sex drive, physical and emotional sex, sexual performance, initiation and gatekeeping, and evaluation of sexual others. In Study 2, we used these qualitative findings to develop a measure of script endorsement, the Sexual Script Scale. Factor analysis of data from 721 participants revealed six interrelated factors demonstrating initial construct validity. In Study 3, confirmatory factor analysis of a separate sample of 289 participants supported the model from Study 2, and evidence of factorial invariance and test-retest reliability was obtained. This article presents the results of these studies, documenting the process of scale development from formative research through to confirmatory testing, and suggests future directions for the continued development of sexual scripting theory.

Condom ‘turn offs’ among adults: an exploratory study

Summary: An exploratory study compared the prevalence of multiple types of condom-associated ‘turn offs’ in men and women. Nearly 2000 people completed a web-based questionnaire. Data were analysed from 464 men and women who reported that condoms had turned them off the last time they were used. Gender differences were not observed for the majority (9) of 15 turn offs. The most common turn offs related to loss of pleasure. For example, more than three-quarters of the men and nearly 40% of the women reported decreased sexual sensation (P = 0.0001). Putting on condoms was reported by 43.2% of the men versus 30.2% of the women (P = 0.02). Smell was a relatively frequent turn off, with about one-third indicating this issue and no significant gender difference (P = 0.32). Turn offs pertaining to arousal and orgasm were also common. Findings suggest that numerous physical and psychological condom turn offs may be experienced by men and women while using male condoms. Although some turn offs differed as a function of gender, there was remarkable similarity between men and women.

Sexual Desire and Relationship Duration in Young Men and Women

Sexual desire is often present at the beginning of a romantic relationship. However, research is divided regarding whether, and how, desire is experienced as a relationship progresses. The authors examined relationship duration and its effect on sexual desire in a sample of 170 undergraduate men and women between the ages of 18 and 25 years. Hierarchical multiple regression results indicated that womens sexual desire was significantly and negatively predicted by relationship duration after controlling for age, relationship satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction. Mens sexual desire, however, was not significantly affected by the duration of their romantic relationships. These findings suggest that men and women may have different experiences with sexual desire as relationships progress and that sexual desire might be affected by different factors depending on ones gender. Possible reasons for these results are suggested and therapeutic implications are discussed.

Validation of the sexual excitation/sexual inhibition inventory for women and men

The purpose of the current investigation was to develop a scale that would assess propensity for sexual arousal in response to a broad range of stimuli and sexual situations in both men and women. In Study 1, data from a nonclinical sample of 481 male and female students (graduate and undergraduate) were submitted to exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in order to develop the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women and Men (SESII-W/M), and gender differences on the subscales were tested. In Study 2, construct validity and test–retest reliability of the SESII-W/M were assessed with a second sample of undergraduate students. The resultant measurement tool was comprised of six subscales: Inhibitory Cognitions, Relationship Importance, Arousability, Partner Characteristics and Behaviors, Setting (Unusual or Unconcealed), and Dyadic Elements of the Sexual Interaction. The measure demonstrated good test–retest reliability and discriminant and convergent validity. The SESII-W/M will likely be a useful measure in investigations in which sexual inhibition and sexual excitation must be assessed identically for men and women.