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Development Genes and Evolution | 1958

Analisi sperimentale dello sviluppo dell'ala nell'embrione di pollo

Rodolfo Amprino; M. Camosso

ZusammenfassungMit Hilfe von Kohlenmarken wurde das Schicksal von verschiedenen Mesodermbezirken und von verschiedenen Zonen des Ektoderms der Flügelanlage bei Hühnerembryonen untersucht.Die Änderungen der Form und der Lage der in der Epidermis gesetzten Marken beweisen, daß das Ektoderm der Anlage distalwärts wächst und gleichzeitig in derselben Richtung gleitet. Dadurch beteiligt sich die Epidermis der beiden Flächen der Anlage an der Bildung und am Wachstum der Leiste, die den freien Rand der Gliedmaßenanlage bedeckt.Das Verhalten der Epidermis bei der normalen Morphogenese und nach Entfernung von sogar ziemlich ausgedehnten Epithelbezirken beweist, daß die epitheliale Randleiste keineswegs an der epithelialen Bekleidung der beiden Flächen der Gliedmaße teilnimmt. Die Randleiste vergrößert sich, sei es durch progressives Ausgleiten der Epidermis der beiden Flächen der Gliedmaße, sei es durch innere Wachstumstätigkeit.Verfasser versuchten die Lage der verschiedenen Bezirke des Mesenchyms der Anlage zu bestimmen, von welchen die verschiedenen Abschnitte des Flügels herstammen (vom Stadium 18 bis zum Stadium 27 nachHamburger-Hamilton). Diese Feststellungen wurden schematisch in Form von Aufrissen dargestellt (s. Abb. 15). Vom Stadium 19 mit 26 sondern sich die präsumptiven Bezirke des Vorderarmes und der Hand in verschiedenen Zeitabschnitten am Rande der Gliedmaße direkt unterhalb der epithelialen Randleiste ab; im einzelnen sind jedoch die Bezirke der Hand bis zum Stadium 21 mit Hilfe der Kohlenmarken nicht erkennbar.Die Resultate der verschiedenen Experimente beweisen, daß das Mesenchym, das bestimmt ist, die distalen Segmente des Flügels zu bilden, vom distalen Abschnitt der unmittelbar angrenzenden Bezirke abstammt, sich also an Ort und Stelle aus dem randständigen Material bildet und nicht dadurch entsteht, daß Zellen, die von anderen Bezirken herstammen, unter der Leiste zusammenfließen. Dieses Problem bedarf jedoch noch weiterer Untersuchung.Das Schicksal von Marken, die in verschiedenen Abschnitten der Epidermis der Gliedmaßenanlage und gleichzeitig im untenliegenden Mesenchym gesetzt wurden, beweist, daß zwischen den Stadien 18 und27 eine fortschreitende, allmähliche Änderung in den räumlichen Verhältnissen zwischen Mesenchym und Epidermis stattfindet, in dem Sinne, daß eine bestimmte Epidermisfläche in folgenden Stadien der Entwicklung verschiedene Mesenchymbezirke, die im allgemeinen immer distalwärts gelegen sind, bedeckt.Die bei der normalen Entwicklung stattfindenden morphogenetischen Verschiebungen und Wachstumsvorgänge wiederholen sich ohne wesentliche qualitative Abänderungen bei der Entwicklung von Gliedmaßen, welche in mehr oder weniger großem Ausmaß des Mesenchyms und der darüberliegenden Epidermis beraubt wurden.


Archive | 1985

The influence of stress and strain in the early development of shaft bones

Rodolfo Amprino

SummaryIn chick embryos from stage 23 to stage 27 the whole presumptive zeugopod-or its pre-axial (tibial) portion only-was proximodistally and dorsoventrally inverted by turning it 180° round the anteroposterior axis of the limb bud.Development of the reoriented blastema of the tibia was consistently retarded and variously reduced: this skeletal piece appeared shorter and relatively thicker than the controlateral normal tibia. Chondrification, progress of differentiation of the cartilaginous model, onset and gradual spreading of the ossification processes were considerably delayed.Often the diminutive tibia underwent a degree of bending or angulation of up to 90°–100° in the sagittal plane. In these bent tibiae-obviously developing under abnormal conditions of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanical stresses-cell hypertrophy appeared greatly retarded or hindered in sites of the diaphysial cartilaginous core which were presumably subjected to strong longitudinal compression. No rigorous temporal and topographical relationships were observed between chondrocyte hypertrophy and onset of perichondral osteogenesis. Apparently, a direct contact between hypertrophic cartilage and perichondrial cells was not strictly required to prompt osteogenesis; this process, in fact, often involved areas of the perichondrium enveloping parvicellular cartilage. Radial pressures exerted by the overstretched outer layer of the perichondrium, or periosteum, on the subjacent prospective osteogenous layer reduced or prevented the deposition of bone. Conversely, radial stretching of the inner layer of the perichondrium, or periosterum, considerably enhanced cell proliferation, blood vessel formation, differentiation of osteoblasts and formation of bone matrix.


Anatomy and Embryology | 1978

Relationships between ectoderm and skeletal morphogenesis in the chick embryo limb bud.

Rodolfo Amprino

SummaryWhen in chick embryos (H.-H. stages 22 to 25) a variously large area of ectoderm with the subjacent mesodermal layer external to the superficial vessel network, loosened from the dorsal face of the wing bud is rotated 180° in situ, or a similar ecto- and mesodermal sheet isolated from the dorsal face of the leg bud is grafted, in normal of 180° reversed orientation, onto the dorsal face of the wing bud, no changes in the normal developmental pattern of the wing skeleton ensue. As the grafted tissue, which apparently does not contain prospective chondrogenic cells, develops as a flat implant, the normal geometry of the ectodermal hull is not altered: therefore, the biomechanical conditions and the polarized growth of the skeletogenous mesenchyme of the wing bud, which seem to be controlled by the enveloping epithelium, remain practically unchanged.Morphological alterations of the skeletal pieces of the wing and formation of ectopic cartilage follow instead the implantation on the dorsal face of the wing bud, in normal or 180° reversed orientationm of an ecto- and mesodermal sheet similar to the one mentioned above but containing also a varying amount of the mesenchyme lying beneath the superficial vessel network.


Anatomy and Embryology | 1979

Developmental interactions between the adjacent parts of combined heterologous skeletogenous territories

Rodolfo Amprino

SummaryThe right limb buds of chick embryos (H.-H.stages 22 to 26) were transversely divided at approximately the presumptive zeugopod mid-length, and (1) the distal parts exchanged between wing and hind-limb bud in apdv-reversed orientation (operation A), or (2) the severed distal part of the leg bud was reoriented in situ (operation B).Both the proximal and distal segments of the zeugopodal bones developing from the recombined portions of presumptive heterologous territories showed characteristic differences of size and shape in comprison to the corresponding parts of the skeletal pieces of the zeugopod of the intact, control limbs. These developmental changes are interpreted as being the consequence of reciprocal influences exerted by the adjacent parts of mesenchymal territories (or blastemata) that, under normal developmental conditions, are destined to give rise to different bones. Such influences may enhance or depress the growth potential of the skeletogenous populations affected, and, within each cell population, modify the geometry of the growth processes by which the various parts of each skeletal piece attain their typical shape.


Development Genes and Evolution | 1968

Developmental changes of the hand skeleton induced by grafting leg mesoderm to the wing bud in the chicken

Rodolfo Amprino

SummaryIn chick embryos of the stages 20 to 24, a fairly large portion of the intermediary region of the hind-limb was introduced into the wing bud from which a corresponding block of tissues had been excised. The graft was inserted with its axes coincident with those of the host bud, and it came in contact distally with a layer of apical mesoderm subjacent to the apical ridge leftin situ in the wing bud. According to the maps of the prospective territories, the graft contained part of the mesodermal territories of the stylo-zeugopod of the hind-limb; the layer of apical mesoderm leftin situ in the wing bud, distal to the graft, would have given origin to the hand.The grafted mesoderm showed a tendency to a gradual developmental reduction; apparently, it did not take a detectable part in the organogenesis of the host autopod. An anomalous cartilaginous nodule proximal to the wrist differentiated from the distal remnants of the graft; the rest of the graft took part possibly in the formation of the arm and forearm skeleton, which appeared normal or slightly reduced.The hand of the host wing showed a variety of quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the anatomy of its skeleton in comparison to the normal hand of the intact contralateral wing. These differences involved the part of the hand which apparently developed from the apical mesoderm of the host which lay distal to the graft. Cartilaginous pieces of normal shape but bigger than the controls, or variously modified as to their shape were observed consistently. In a significant percentage of embryos, the third ray of the hand showed morphological features more typical of a toe than of a hand-digit, or a supernumerary toe developed in association with the hand digits which appeared reduced to various degrees.The results are tentatively interpreted as the consequence of changes of the normal prospective pattern of development of the apical mesoderm of the host wing bud induced by the grafted mesoderm of the hind-limb. It is suggested that the mesoderm of the graft produced molecular materials which propagated to the overlying undifferentiated apical mesoderm of the host wing, and exerted inductor influences on the growth and on the further steps of development of the latter.ZusammenfassungIn Hühnerembryonen der 20–24 Stadien wurde ein ziemlich breiter Teil der Zwischengegend der Flügelanlage durch den entsprechenden Teil der Beckengliedanlage ersetzt. Der dem Beckenglied entnommene Block wurde so eingesetzt, daß seine Achsen mit jenen der Empfängeranlage zusammenfielen und daß er distal mit einer auf dem Flügelin situ gelassenen Schicht von apikalem Mesoderm in Berührung kam. Gemäß dem Plan der mutmaßlichen Gegenden enthielt das Transplantat einen Teil des Stylopod- und Zygopodmesoderma des Beckengliedes, während die auf der Flügelanlage distal vom Transplantatin situ gelassene Mesodermschicht dazu bestimmt war, der Hand den Ursprung zu geben.Die Entwicklung des verpflanzten Mesoderms unterging einer graduellen Reduktion und wirkte nicht in abschätzbarer Weise an der Organogenese der Empfängerhand mit. Ein dem Handgelenk proximal gelegenes Knorpelknötchen differenzierte sich auf Kosten des distalen Teiles das Transplantats; das restliche Transplantat wirkte wahrscheinlich an der Entwicklung des Armes und des Vorderarmes mit, welche jedoch normal oder leicht verkleinert erschienen.Die Anatomie des Handknochengerüstes des Empfängerflügels wies eine Mannigfaltigkeit von quantitativen und/oder qualitativen Differenzen gegenüber der normalen Hand des nicht operierten kontralateralen Flügels auf. Diese Differenzen betrafen nur jenen Mesodermteil des Empfängers, welcher distal vom Transplantat gelegen war. Beständig entwickelten sich. Knorpelsegmente normaler Form, welche aber größer als jene der Kontrollen oder verschiedentlich in ihrer Form abgeändert waren. In einem signifikativen Prozentsatz von Embryonen waren die morphologischen Merkmale des dritten Fingers der Hand mehr jenen einer Zehe ähnlich als eines Flügelfingers; in verschiedenen Fällen entwickelte sich eine überzählige Zehe in Verbindung mit verschiedentlich verkleinerten Fingern.Diese Ergebnisse können als eine Folge der Abänderungen des normalen Entwicklungsplanes des distalen Mesoderms der Empfängerflügelanlage gedeutet werden: Abänderungen, welche vom Mesoderm des verpflanzten Beckengliedes verursacht wurden. Es kann vermutet werden, daß das Transplantatmesoderm Molekularstoffe erzeugt, welche sich durch Berührung auf das indifferenzierte darübergelegene Mesoderm der Empfängeranlagenspitze verbreiten und Induktionswirkung auf das Wachstum und die weiteren Entwicklungsetappen ausüben.


Anatomy and Embryology | 1980

The early rudiment of the shaft bone

Rodolfo Amprino

SummaryRecent experiments suggest that the distinctive morphology of each part of a skeletal piece, e.g., of the proximal (or distal) segment of a shaft bone, is not merely expression of the intrinsic developmental capacity of the corresponding portion of its preskeletal rudiment but also of a morphogenetic control exerted on this cell population by the adjoining, complementary portion of the same skeletogenous territory.Different procedures, mainly transplantation experiments of the distal part of limb buds transected at the presumptive zeugopod mid-length, have been applied now to test in chicken embryos (H.-H. stages 21 to 26) the developmental ability of the disjoined proximal and distal halves of the prospective territories of the zeugopod shaft bones of the anterior and posterior limbs. Under these conditions which prevented the interactions, presumably taking place in the intact limb bud, between the opposite halves of the preskeletal territories tested, both disconnected portions of the rudiments of the ulna and the tibia underwent reduced development compared to the corresponding segments of the normal control bones, while the distal part of the fibula and, often, the distal or the proximal portions of the radius failed to differentiate.These findings seem to give further support to the view that the mesenchymal precursor of each shaft bone represents, since the individuation of its presumptive territory, a highly integrated system whose constituent parts are interdependent in their development.


Cells Tissues Organs | 1958

INVESTIGATIONS ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE TISSUE

Rodolfo Amprino


Cells Tissues Organs | 1959

ON THE ROLE OF THE “APICAL RIDGE” IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK EMBRYO LIMB BUD

Rodolfo Amprino; Maria Eugenia Camosso


Anatomy and Embryology | 1985

The influence of stress and strain in the early development of shaft bones. An experimental study on the chick embryo tibia.

Rodolfo Amprino


Journal of Experimental Zoology | 1959

Feather formation in heterotopically grafted terminal parts of the leg bud in chicken embryos

Rodolfo Amprino; Maria Eugenia Camosso

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