Rodolfo Patussi Correia

Development of plasma cell myeloma in a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient with chromosome 12 trisomy

BackgroundCancer development results from the progressive accumulation of genomic abnormalities that culminate in the neoplastic phenotype. Cytogenetic alterations, mutations and rearrangements may be considered as molecular legacy which trace the clonal history of the disease. Concomitant tumors are reported and they may derive from a common or divergent founder clone. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and plasma cell myeloma (PCM) are both mature B-cell neoplasms, and their concomitancy, albeit rare, is documented.Case presentationHere, we described a patient with prior B-CLL with secondary development of PCM. Cytogenetic and multi parametric flow cytometry analyses were performed. The B-CLL population presented chromosome 12 trisomy, unlikely the arisen PCM population.ConclusionThe close follow up of B-CLL patients is important for early intervention in case of development of other malignancy, such as myeloma. Our observation suggests these two diseases may have arisen from different clones. We understand that the investigation of clonal origin may provide important information regarding therapeutic decisions, and should be considered in concomitant neoplasm.

An azafluorenone alkaloid and a megastigmane from Unonopsis lindmanii (Annonaceae)

The azafluorenone alkaloid 5,8-dimethoxy-7-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-azafluoren-9-one and the megastigman (–)-(5R*, 6S*)-megastigman-3-one-10,7-olide were isolated from aerial parts of Unonopsis lindmanii (Annonaceae), along with the known compounds (3S*, 5S*, 8R*)-3,5-dihydroxymegastigma-6,7-dien-9-one (grasshopper ketone), N-trans-feruloyltyramine, (–)-anonaine, (–)-asimilobine, liriodenine and (–)-syringaresinol. This is the first description of the presence of megastigmanes in Annonaceae. The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic data.

Recommendations for quality assurance in multiparametric flow cytometry: first consensus of the Brazilian Group of Flow Cytometry (GBCFLUX)

The Brazilian Group of Flow Cytometry (Grupo Brasileiro de Citometria de Fluxo [GBCFLUX]), founded on April 24, 2010, is composed of experts in flow cytometry (FC) area who have the common objective of contributing to technical and scientific advances in Brazilian clinical and research laboratories. Among GBCFLUX working groups, the Quality Control (QC) subcommittee is responsible for discussing data in the literature and contributes to the quality assurance of the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical process in FC. The QC subcommittees actions began through meetings and lectures, in which data from the literature were reviewed and discussed with all participating members of the GBCFLUX. In a second step, it was decided to draw up a text of technical and scientific consensus recommendations, informative and educative, for dissemination to all FC working groups in Brazil. To this effect, a questionnaire with objective responses was designed and sent to 35 recognized Brazilian institutions, in order to evaluate the QC profile of these institutions. Thus, the QC technical-scientific recommendations, which will be described in this updating article, are intended to ensure the process quality, technical standardization, and reproducibility of results in FC.

Involvement of memory T-cells in the pathophysiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

The role of T-cells in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia has recently gained much attention due to the importance of the constant interaction between neoplastic B-cells with microenvironment substratum and T-cells. It is believed that these interactions modulate the clinical course of the disease, mainly through the regulation of the expansion, differentiation, and survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cells. Importantly, this crosstalk may also change the number, function, and memory phenotype of normal T-cells, thereby altering the amplitude and/or efficiency of adaptive immunity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. The present study presents an overview on important aspects of this immunological crosstalk, particularly on the abnormalities of chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cells and the alterations in normal T-cells, with focus on the CD4 memory T-cell compartment that could offer survival signals to chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell clone(s) and contribute to the establishment and progression of the disease. The authors believe that understanding the biological consequences of the interaction between normal T- and neoplastic B-cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia may allow for improvements in the prognostic information and therapeutic approaches for this disease.

Technical advances in flow cytometry-based diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

ABSTRACT Objective: To discuss the implementation of technical advances in laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria for validation of high-sensitivity flow cytometry protocols. Methods: A retrospective study based on analysis of laboratory data from 745 patient samples submitted to flow cytometry for diagnosis and/or monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Results: Implementation of technical advances reduced test costs and improved flow cytometry resolution for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone detection. Conclusion: High-sensitivity flow cytometry allowed more sensitive determination of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone type and size, particularly in samples with small clones.

Eosinophil chimerism in the differential diagnosis between DEK-NUP214-positive acute myeloid leukaemia relapse and chronic graft-versus-host disease

Eosinophilia is a rare, recurrent finding in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The classic cases include core-binding factor AMLs with chromosome 16 abnormalities and AMLs with rearrangements of the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor A and B genes ( PDGFRA and PDGFRB ) and the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene ( FGFR1 ). AML with t(6;9)(p23;q24) is a rare entity (0.7%–1.8% of all AMLs), characterised by multilineage dysplasia, basophilia and an unfavourable prognosis.1–3 This cytogenetic alteration leads to the formation of the DEK-NUP214 hybrid protein, and usually presents as a single abnormality, but it can also be associated with a complex karyotype.4 There are currently no descriptions of eosinophilia associated with DEK-NUP214+ AML. We report the case of a 16-year-old male patient who presented with generalised cutaneous pruritus and fever, associated with peripheral blood eosinophilia (absolute count 7830 cells/μL) in August 2010. After ruling out common causes of secondary eosinophilia, the patient was submitted to bone marrow aspiration, which showed erythroid hyperplasia (58.8%) with dyserythropoiesis, eosinophilia (16.4%), dysgranulopoiesis and 9.6% blast cells. These findings were compatible with the diagnosis of AML-M6, according to the French–American–British classification. A cytogenetic study showed the presence of t(6;9) (p23;q34) as the sole anomaly. Fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) was negative for inv(16), and molecular studies showed wild-type sequences for the fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ( FLT3 ) and nucleophosmin ( NPM1 ). FISH was also negative for PDGFRA rearrangement. The patient was treated with two cycles of cytarabine-based chemotherapy, achieving haematological remission; nevertheless, peripheral …

ZAP-70 expression is associated with increased CD4 central memory T cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: cross-sectional study

Background Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia is basically a B cell disease, its pathophysiology and evolution are thought to be significantly influenced by T cells, as these are probably the most important interaction partner of neoplastic B cells, participating in their expansion, differentiation and survival. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells may also drive functional and phenotypic changes of non-malignant T cells. There are few data about the association between memory T cells and prognosis, especially related to ZAP-70, a common reliable surrogate of the gold standard chronic lymphocytic leukemia prognostic markers. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression of ZAP-70 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients is associated with abnormal patterns of the distribution of naïve and memory T cells related to crosstalk between these cells. Methods In this cross-sectional, controlled study, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were compared with healthy blood donors regarding the expression of ZAP-70 and the distribution of naïve and memory T cell subsets in peripheral blood as measured by flow cytometry. Results ZAP-70 positive patients presented an increased frequency and absolute number of central memory CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, compared to ZAP-70 negative patients and age-matched apparently healthy donors. Conclusions Because central memory CD4+ T cells are located in lymph nodes and express CD40L, we consider that malignant ZAP-70-positive B cells may receive beneficial signals from central memory CD4+ T cells as they accumulate, which could contribute to more aggressive disease.

Detection of Central Nervous System Infiltration by Myeloid and Lymphoid Hematologic Neoplasms Using Flow Cytometry Analysis: Diagnostic Accuracy Study

Introduction Infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by hematologic or lymphoid malignant cells can cause extensive neurological damage, be progressive and fatal. However, usually, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has low cellularity and rapid cell degeneration, which can impair cytometry analysis. Storage and transport measures, sample preparation, and staining protocols can interfere with diagnostic accuracy. Objective To calculate the diagnostic performance of flow cytometry (FC) using a cell stabilizer for sample preservation compared to cytomorphology in the detection of CNS infiltration by lymphoid and hematologic neoplasms. Methods Cell samples from all consecutive patients with suspected infiltration by hematological malignancies evaluated between January 2014 and December 2016 were included. Cases were analyzed by FC using a cell preservation medium and cytomorphology. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results From 414 CSF samples, 72 had a phenotype compatible with characteristics of infiltration by hematological disease, whereas cytology was positive for 35 cases. FC showed higher sensitivity and specificity when compared to cytomorphology, particularly in cases with cellularity under 5 leukocytes/mm3. Conclusion We demonstrated that collecting CSF in a medium that preserves the stability of the sample improves accuracy when compared to cytomorphology, particularly in low-volume and low-cellularity samples.

The Use of Flow Cytometry in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: A Review

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic stem cell diseases categorized by dysplasia in one or more hematopoietic cell lineages, as well as cytopenia and functional abnormalities in bone marrow cells. Several MDS classification methods have been proposed to categorize the disease and help professionals better plan in patients’ treatment. The World Health Organization classification, released in 2008 and revised in 2016, is the currently and the most used classification method worldwide. Recent advances in MDS molecular biology and innovations in flow cytometry have enabled the development of new parameters for MDS diagnosis and classification. Several groups have published flow cytometry scores and guidelines useful for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of MDS, which are mostly based on detecting immunophenotypic abnormalities in granulocyte, monocyte, and lymphoid lineages. Here, we review the current literature and discuss the main parameters that should be analyzed by flow cytometry with the aim of refining MDS diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, we discuss the critical role of flow cytometry and molecular biology in MDS diagnosis and prognosis, as well as the current challenges and future perspectives involving these techniques.

Immunophenotypic evolution of blast populations in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia

Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.Corresponding author: Welbert Oliveira Pereira – Avenida Albert Einstein, 627/701 − Morumbi − Zip code: 05652-900 − Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil − Phone: (55 11) 2151-3512 – E-mail: welbert.pereira@einstein.brReceived on: Sep 8, 2015 – Accepted on: Nov 4, 2015DOI: 10.1590/S1679-45082016AI3516