Rodrigo Dias

Effects of resistance training on resistin, leptin, cytokines, and muscle force in elderly post-menopausal women

Abstract It may be that resistance exercise can be used to prevent the degenerative processes and inflammation associated with ageing. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training on cytokines, leptin, resistin, and muscle strength in post-menopausal women. Thirty-five sedentary women (mean age 63.18 years, s = 4.8; height 1.64 m, s = 0.07; body mass 57.84 kg, s = 7.70) were recruited. The 16 weeks of periodized resistance training consisted of two weekly sessions of three sets of 6–14 repetition maximum. Maximal strength was tested in bench press, 45° leg press, and arm curl. Plasma tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-15, leptin, and resistin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Maximal strength on all measures was increased after 16 weeks. There were minor or no modifications in tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-15. Interleukin-6 was decreased 48 h after compared with baseline and declined after 16 weeks. Leptin decreased 24 h after compared with baseline and was reduced at baseline and 48 h after compared with pre-training. There was a decrease in resistin after 24 and 48 h compared with baseline and a decline in baseline and immediately after levels compared with pre-training. A possible explanation of the results of the present study is a lower production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the innate immune system. Periodized resistance training seems to be an important intervention to reduce systemic inflammation in this population.

Effects of concurrent training on interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein in middle-aged men

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of moderate- to high-intensity resistance and concurrent training on inflammatory biomarkers and functional capacity in sedentary middle-aged healthy men. Participants were selected on a random basis for resistance training (n = 12), concurrent training (n = 11) and a control group (n = 13). They performed three weekly sessions for 16 weeks (resistance training: 10 exercises with 3 × 8–10 repetition maximum; concurrent training: 6 exercises with 3 × 8–10 repetition maximum, followed by 30 minutes of walking or running at 55–85% [Vdot]O2peak). Maximal strength was tested in bench press and leg press. The peak oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2peak) was measured by an incremental exercise test. Tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein were determined. The upper- and lower-body maximal strength increase for both resistance (+42.52%; +20.9%, respectively) and concurrent training (+28.35%; +21.5%, respectively) groups (P = 0.0001).[Vdot]O2peak increased in concurrent training when comparing pre- and post-training (P = 0.0001; +15.6%). No differences were found in tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 for both groups after the exercise. C-reactive protein increased in resistance training (P = 0.004). These findings demonstrated that 16 weeks of moderate- to high-intensity training could improve functional capacity, but did not decrease inflammatory biomarkers in middle-aged men.

Efeito do exercício agudo de curta duração em leucócitos circulantes e linfócitos teciduais de ratos

Sessoes agudas promovem respostas no sistema imunologico, podendo acarretar desistencia, nao continuidade ou queda no desempenho nos programas de exercicios, pela aumentada susceptibilidade as infeccoes das vias aereas superiores (IVASs). Considerando que os linfocitos desempenham funcoes no combate as infeccoes e que individuos sedentarios com baixo nivel de aptidao fisica, devam iniciar programas de treinamento com baixo volume e intensidade, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a contagem de leucocitos e linfocitos circulantes e dos linfocitos teciduais mesentericos, bem como a capacidade proliferativa dos linfocitos teciduais em ratos machos Wistar submetidos a sessoes agudas de cinco e 15 minutos nas intensidades leve e moderada. Os resultados mostram leucocitose e linfocitose nos grupos cinco e 15 minutos em ambas as intensidades, aumentada contagem de linfocitos teciduais nos grupos cinco minutos leve bem como cinco e 15 minutos moderado, de forma geral, nenhuma alteracao na resposta proliferativa celular T, porem com diminuicao na resposta celular B nos grupos cinco e 15 minutos leve e cinco minutos moderado. A relevância e o significado clinico dessas alteracoes precisam ser mais bem esclarecidos para o melhor entendimento da complexa triade: exercicio fisico, respostas imunologicas e susceptibilidade a infeccoes, apos sessoes submaximas de curta duracao.

Hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content in rats treated with metformin and submitted to acute exercise by swimming

The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of glycogen reserves over an acute exercise condition (50 minutes of swimming at low intesity), after treatment with metformin in rats. Forty Wistar rats (180- 200g) adults were divided into four groups (treated or not for a fortnight) and represented as follows: Control; Acute exercise by swimming (perform a session of swimming, 50 min on light intensity); Treated with metformin (received the drug metformin at a dose 1.4 mg/ml during the experimental period; Treated with metformin and exercised by swimming (received the drug metformin at a dose 1.4 mg/ml and held a swimming, 50 min on light intensity). The acute exercise decreased the glycogen reserves, while animals treated with metformin showed an increase in their muscle and liver glycogen reserves (p>0,05). Additionally, the drug showed no increase glucose and corticosterone concentration compared to the control and treated with metformin groups (p>0,05). Treatment with metformin improved energy conditions and lowers the stress response, suggesting that an important pharmacological tool for the potentiation of performance.

Avaliação de um controle estratégico da artrite encefalite caprina em rebanho caprino leiteiro.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilizacao periodica de testes de diagnostico mais sensiveis aliados as praticas de manejo, visando ao controle eficaz da artrite encefalite caprina (CAE). Foram realizadas oito coletas de sangue em matrizes e reprodutores. Da primeira a setima analise, as coletas foram quadrimestrais, utilizando-se os testes de imunodifusao em gel de agarose (IDGA), ensaio imunoenzimatico indireto (ELISA-i) e Western Blot (WB). A oitava coleta aconteceu seis meses apos a setima, utilizando-se o WB e a reacao em cadeia de polimerase (PCR). A prevalencia da CAE foi de 6,8%, 14,9% e 39,2% no IDGA, ELISA-i e WB, respectivamente. Na ultima analise, foram detectados 0,9% de animais positivos pelo WB e 10,8% pela PCR. Apesar de nao erradicarem a CAE, as medidas adotadas, aliadas a utilizacao periodica dos testes sorologicos e a combinacao com a PCR, foram importantes para reduzir significativamente os animais soropositivos no rebanho. [Evaluation of strategic control of caprine arthritis- encephalitis in dairy herd goats]. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodic use of more sensitive diagnostic tests associated to management practices for the effective control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE). We carried out eight blood samples in does and bucks. From the first to the seventh analysis, the samples were quarterly, using Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID), Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) and Western Blot (WB) tests. The eighth collection was made six months after the seventh, using the WB and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The prevalence of CAE was 6.8%, 14.9% and 39.2% in the AGID, iELISA and WB respectively. The last analysis detected 0.9% of animals positive by WB and 10.8% by PCR. Although they do not eradicate CAE, steps taken together with the periodic use of serological tests and the combination with PCR were important to significantly reduce positive animals in the herd.

Acompanhamento eletrocardiográfico no desenvolvimento de ratos Wistar

A atividade eletrica cardiaca pode ser registrada por meio do eletrocardiograma (ECG), registro capaz de captar as alteracoes do percurso eletrico. Na literatura cientifica, nao existe descricao de padroes eletrocardiograficos de ratos Wistar desde a fase de recem-nascidos ate serem considerados envelhecidos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o padrao eletrocardiografico de ratos Wistar desde a fase de recem-nascidos ate serem considerados envelhecidos, no intuito de que os resultados possam contribuir como referencial dos padroes da especie. Foram utilizados ratos Rattus novergicus albinus, da linhagem Wistar. Os ratos foram divididos em cinco grupos experimentais, sendo definidos de acordo com a idade e assim denominados: grupo 21 dias (21D), dois meses (2M), tres meses (3M), sete meses (7M) e 18 meses (18M), sendo n=20 por grupo. Para a realizacao do ECG, eletrodos conectados aos canais do eletrocardiografo foram posicionados nos animais e captaram o sinal eletrico do coracao em seis derivacoes. Os dados foram agrupados e submetidos a comparacao por meio de ANOVA e teste de Tukey-Kramer, P≤0,05. Os resultados mostraram que, de forma geral, as modulacoes ao longo do processo de envelhecimento diante dos parâmetros relacionados ao ECG se iniciam a partir do periodo 2M, com aparente estabilidade ate 3M e/ou 7M, seguindo por exacerbacao das modulacoes em 7M e/ou 18M, a depender da variavel eletrocardiografica em questao. Em relacao a frequencia cardiaca (FC), concomitantemente, nota-se um padrao similar, ou seja, diminuicao dela a partir do periodo 2M, com estabilidade ate 7M, seguindo por diminuicao mais pronunciada em 18M. Os resultados sugerem que, devido ao processo de envelhecimento, o coracao de ratos Wistar apresenta modificacoes na conducao do estimulo eletrico, bem como reducao na FC, fatores que merecem atencao enquanto indicadores de inclusao/exclusao de animais em grupos experimentais por parte de pesquisadores que utilizam a referida especie como modelo de estudo.

Wharton's jelly cells from sheep umbilical cord maintained with different culture media are permissive to in vitro infection by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar celulas da geleia de Wharton do cordao umbilical (GWCU) ovino coletado por ocasiao do parto natural, utilizando-se diferentes meios de cultivo, alem de relatar, pela primeira vez, sua permissividade a infeccao in vitro por lentivirus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPRs). Dez cordoes umbilicais foram coletados de ovelhas higidas e soronegativas para LVPRs pelo teste de imunodifusao em gel de agarose (IDGA). De cada cordao, explantes foram cultivados em quatro meios distintos que consistiram em MEM, DMEM baixa glicose, meio 199 e RPMI-1640, todos acrescidos de 10% de soro fetal bovino em estufa com atmosfera umida e 5% de CO2 a 37oC. A permissividade de infeccao das celulas GWCU ovino foi testada frente as cepas CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514, inoculando-se 0,1 MOI de cada cepa viral e corando as monocamadas com May Grunwald Giemsa para visualizacao do efeito citopatico. Foram obtidos quatro sobrenadantes CAEV-Cork e quatro MVV-K1514, provenientes do cultivo de celulas GWCU ovino infectadas por 21 dias em meios distintos, dos quais foram realizadas titulacao em membrana sinovial caprina e extracao do DNA pro-viral para realizacao de nested-PCR e eletroforese em gel de agarose a 2%. Os resultados demonstraram a presenca de efeito citopatico na infeccao in vitro tanto por CAEV-Cork como por MVV-K1514 em todos os meios de cultivo, sendo visualizados sincicios e lise celular em microscopio invertido. A nested-PCR detectou o DNA pro-viral tanto do CAEV-Cork como do MVV-K1514 em todos os sobrenadantes. Os sobrenadantes contendo o virus CAEV-Cork apresentaram titulos em TCID50/mL de 105,5 em MEM, 104,0 em DMEM baixa glicose, 105,0 em meio 199 e 105,7 em RPMI-1640. Os sobrenadantes contendo o virus MVV-K1514 apresentaram titulo em TCID50/mL de 104,3 em MEM, 103,5 em DMEM baixa glicose, 104,7 em meio 199 e 103,5 em RPMI-1640. Celulas GWCU ovino sao permissivas a infeccao in vitro pelos lentivirus de pequenos ruminantes CAEV-Cork e MVV-K1514.This study aimed to isolate cells from the Whartons jelly of umbilical cord (WJUC) of sheep collected during natural parturition using different culture media, in addition to reporting for the first time the permissiveness of these cells to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentiviruses. Ten umbilical cords were collected from healthy sheep. Each cord explants were grown in different media consisting of MEM, low glucose DMEM, M199, and RPMI-1640. The permissiveness of infection of sheep cells from WJUC was tested with CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 strains, inoculating 0.1 MOI of each viral strain. Four supernatants from each strain were obtained from WJUC sheep cell cultures infected in different media. The results demonstrated the presence of cytopathic effect after the in vitro infection by CAEV-Cork and MVV-K1514 with all of the tested culture media. Nested-PCR detected proviral DNA in all supernatants. Supernatants containing CAEV-Cork viruses had TCID50/ml titres of 10 in MEM, 10 in low glucose DMEM, 10 in M199, and 10 in RPMI-1640. Supernatants containing the MVV-K1514 virus had TCID50/ml titres of 10 in MEM, 10 in low-glucose DMEM, 10 in M199, and 10 in RPMI-1640. Sheep cells from WJUC are permissive to in vitro infection by small ruminant lentivirus.

Alterações histopatológicas da glândula mamária e qualidade do leite de cabras naturalmente infectadas com o CAEV

Aiming to evaluate the influence of CAE viruses in the chemical and physical characteristics of milk, the samples were collected from 54 goats, without racial predilection, these were divided into two groups: goats positive and negative according results of test Agarose Gel Immunodiffusion. xa0Milk samples were ultrasonic analyzed to obtain physicochemical parameters (fat, solids, protein, lactose and density); performance microbiology (mesophilic bacteria - CFU/mL) and mammary gland samples were collected for evaluation histopathology and immunohistochemistry. The results of physical-chemical analysis showed no significant difference between the milk samples of two groups. In the microbiological analysis showed the presence of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, but this change is not associated with the presence of CAEV infection. On histopathology, there were areas with infiltration of mononuclear-leukocyte and polymorph nuclear, plasma cells, fibrosis and absence of normal morphology of the mammary tissue, indicating a chronic inflammatory process; and confirmed the presence of virus, in the gland, by immunohistochemistry. The results showed no direct relationship between incidence of CAE in the herd as a negative factor for its development, however it is known that the disease in its chronic nature, causes reduction in the productivity of the herd.