Roger E. Taylor

β-Catenin Status Predicts a Favorable Outcome in Childhood Medulloblastoma: The United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group Brain Tumour Committee

PURPOSE Identifying pathobiological correlates of clinical behavior or therapeutic response currently represents a key challenge for medulloblastoma research. Nuclear accumulation of the beta-catenin protein is associated with activation of the Wnt/Wg signaling pathway, and mutations affecting components of this pathway have been reported in approximately 15% of sporadic medulloblastomas. We tested the hypothesis that nuclear immunoreactivity for beta-catenin is a prognostic marker in medulloblastoma, and assessed the relationship between nuclear beta-catenin immunoreactivity and mutations of CTNNB1 and APC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Medulloblastomas from children entered onto the International Society for Pediatric Oncology (SIOP)/United Kingdom Childrens Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) PNET3 trial (n = 109) were examined for beta-catenin immunoreactivity, and where tissue was available, evidence of CTNNB1 and APC mutations. The results were correlated with clinicopathologic variables, principally outcome. RESULTS Children with medulloblastomas that showed a nucleopositive beta-catenin immunophenotype (27 of 109; 25%) had significantly better overall (OS) and event-free (EFS) survivals than children with tumors that showed either membranous/cytoplasmic beta-catenin immunoreactivity or no immunoreactivity (P = .0015 and P = .0026, respectively). For beta-catenin nucleopositive and nucleonegative medulloblastomas, 5-year OS was 92.3% (95% CI, 82% to 100%) versus 65.3% (95% CI, 54.8 to 75.7%), and 5-year EFS was 88.9% (95% CI, 77% to 100%) versus 59.5% (95% CI, 48.8 to 70.2%), respectively. Mutations in CTNNB1 were found exclusively among medulloblastomas that demonstrated nuclear beta-catenin immunoreactivity, but no evidence of APC mutation was found in these cases. All children with beta-catenin nucleopositive large cell/anaplastic medulloblastomas and beta-catenin nucleopositive medulloblastomas presenting with metastatic disease are alive at least 5 years postdiagnosis. CONCLUSION Nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin appears to be a marker of favorable outcome in medulloblastoma, and should be investigated further in large group-wide trials.

Results of a Randomized Study of Preradiation Chemotherapy Versus Radiotherapy Alone for Nonmetastatic Medulloblastoma: The International Society of Paediatric Oncology/United Kingdom Children’s Cancer Study Group PNET-3 Study

PURPOSE To determine whether preradiotherapy (RT) chemotherapy would improve outcome for Chang stage M0-1 medulloblastoma when compared with RT alone. Chemotherapy comprised vincristine 1.5 mg/m2 weekly for 10 weeks and four cycles of etoposide 100 mg/m2 daily for 3 days, and carboplatin 500 mg/m2 daily for 2 days alternating with cyclophosphamide 1.5 g/m2. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients aged 3 to 16 years inclusive were randomly assigned to receive 35 Gy craniospinal RT with a 20 Gy posterior fossa boost, or chemotherapy followed by RT. RESULTS Of 217 patients randomly assigned to treatment, 179 were eligible for analysis (chemotherapy + RT, 90 patients; RT alone, 89 patients). Median age was 7.67 years, and median follow-up was 5.40 years. Overall survival (OS) at 3 and 5 years was 79.5% and 70.7%, respectively. Event-free survival (EFS) at 3 and 5 years was 71.6% and 67.0%, respectively. EFS was significantly better for chemotherapy and RT (P =.0366), with EFS of 78.5% at 3 years and 74.2% at 5 years compared with 64.8% at 3 years and 59.8% at 5 years for RT alone. There was no statistically significant difference in 3-year and 5-year OS between the two arms (P =.0928). Multivariate analysis identified use of chemotherapy (P =.0248) and time to complete RT (P =.0100) as having significant effect on EFS. CONCLUSION This is the first large multicenter randomized study to demonstrate improved EFS for chemotherapy compared with RT alone. It is anticipated that this regimen could reduce ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity compared with cisplatin-containing schedules. The importance of avoiding interruptions to RT has been confirmed.

Definition of Disease-Risk Stratification Groups in Childhood Medulloblastoma Using Combined Clinical, Pathologic, and Molecular Variables

PURPOSE Medulloblastomas are heterogeneous and include relatively good-prognosis tumors characterized by Wnt pathway activation, as well as those that cannot be successfully treated with conventional therapy. Developing a practical therapeutic stratification that allows accurate identification of disease risk offers the potential to individualize adjuvant therapy and to minimize long-term adverse effects in a subgroup of survivors. METHODS Using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue for immunohistochemistry, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and direct sequencing to identify tumors with a Wnt pathway signature and those harboring copy number abnormalities (CNAs) of potential prognostic significance (MYC/MYCN amplification, CNAs of chromosome 6 and 17), we evaluated clinical, pathologic, and molecular outcome indicators and stratification models in a cohort (n = 207) of patients with medulloblastoma 3 to 16 years of age from the International Society of Pediatric Oncology CNS9102 (PNET3) trial. RESULTS Metastatic disease and large-cell/anaplastic (LC/A) phenotype were the clinicopathologic variables associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS). Nuclear immunoreactivity for β-catenin, CTNNB1 mutation, and monosomy 6 all identified a group of good-prognosis patients. MYC amplification was associated with poor outcome, but other CNAs were not. Low-risk medulloblastomas were defined as β-catenin nucleopositive tumors without metastasis at presentation, LC/A phenotype, or MYC amplification. High-risk medulloblastomas were defined as tumors with metastatic disease, LC/A phenotype, or MYC amplification. Low-risk, standard-risk, and high-risk categories of medulloblastoma had significantly (P < .0001) different outcomes. CONCLUSION Integrating assays of molecular biomarkers undertaken on routinely collected diagnostic FFPE tissue into stratification schemes for medulloblastoma alongside clinical and pathologic outcome indicators can refine current definition of disease risk and guide adjuvant therapy.

Hyperfractionated Versus Conventional Radiotherapy Followed by Chemotherapy in Standard-Risk Medulloblastoma: Results From the Randomized Multicenter HIT-SIOP PNET 4 Trial

PURPOSE To compare event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), pattern of relapse, and hearing loss in children with standard-risk medulloblastoma treated by postoperative hyperfractionated or conventionally fractionated radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 340 children age 4 to 21 years from 122 European centers were postoperatively staged and randomly assigned to treatment with hyperfractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) or standard (conventional) fractionated radiotherapy (STRT) followed by a common chemotherapy regimen consisting of eight cycles of cisplatin, lomustine, and vincristine. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 4.8 years (range, 0.1 to 8.3 years), survival rates were not significantly different between the two treatment arms: 5-year EFS was 77% ± 4% in the STRT group and 78% ± 4% in the HFRT group; corresponding 5-year OS was 87% ± 3% and 85% ± 3%, respectively. A postoperative residual tumor of more than 1.5 cm(2) was the strongest negative prognostic factor. EFS of children with all reference assessments and no large residual tumor was 82% ± 2% at 5 years. Patients with a delay of more than 7 weeks to the start of RT had a worse prognosis. Severe hearing loss was not significantly different for the two treatment arms at follow-up. CONCLUSION In this large randomized European study, which enrolled patients with standard-risk medulloblastoma from more than 100 centers, excellent survival rates were achieved in patients without a large postoperative residual tumor and without RT treatment delays. EFS and OS for HFRT was not superior to STRT, which therefore remains standard of care in this disease.

Nodule formation and desmoplasia in medulloblastomas-defining the nodular/desmoplastic variant and its biological behavior.

Among the variants of medulloblastoma in the current WHO classification of nervous system tumors, the desmoplastic variant, which has been reported to constitute 5%–25% of pediatric medulloblastomas, is defined by its nodular collections of neurocytic cells bounded by desmoplastic internodular zones. We have studied the frequency, morphological features and biological behavior of medulloblastomas in two contemporaneous SIOP/UKCCSG trial cohorts of children with medulloblastomas, CNS9102 (n = 315) and CNS9204 (n = 35), focusing on tumors with nodular and desmoplastic phenotypes. In children aged 3–16 years (CNS9102), the nodular/desmoplastic medulloblastoma represented 5% of all tumors, while in infants aged <3 years (CNS9204) this variant represented 57% of medulloblastomas. Using iFISH to detect molecular cytogenetic abnormalities in medulloblastomas with a nodular architecture, we demonstrated distinct genetic profiles in desmoplastic and non‐desmoplastic (classic and anaplastic) tumors; in particular, abnormalities of chromosome 17 occurred in the latter, but not the former. Significantly different outcomes were demonstrated for classic, nodular/desmoplastic and large cell/anaplastic medulloblastomas in both cohorts. In conclusion, the nodular/desmoplastic medulloblastoma appears to have clinical, genetic and biological characteristics that set it apart from other variants of this tumor.

A multivariate analysis of factors determining tumor progression in childhood low-grade glioma: a population-based cohort study (CCLG CNS9702)

The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for the progression of low-grade glioma in children from a large population-based cohort. Patient and tumor details of a national cohort of children with low-grade glioma, recruited into an international multidisciplinary clinical strategy, were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses of progression-free survival and overall survival. From the cohort of 798 patients, 639 patients were eligible, with a median age 6.71 years (0.26-16.75 years); 49% were males; 15.9% had neurofibromatosis type 1, 63.7% pilocytic astrocytoma, 5.9% fibrillary astrocytoma, 4.2% mixed neuronal-glial tumors, and 3.6% others; 21.1% were diagnosed clinically. Anatomically implicated were 31.6% cerebellum, 24.6% chiasma/hypothalamus, 16.0% cerebral hemispheres, 9.9% brain stem, 6.1% other supratentorial midline structures, 5.9% optic nerve only, 4.5% spinal cord, and 1.4% others. The 5-year overall survival and progression-free survival in the whole cohort were 94.6% and 69.4%, respectively. There was a significant association between age and site (P < .001) and extent of tumor resection and site (P < .001). Multivariate analysis identified young age, fibrillary astrocytoma, and extent of surgical resection as significant independent risk factors for progression. Hypothalamic/chiasmatic tumors demonstrated the most sustained tendency to progress. In conclusion, the influence of age and anatomical site upon the risk of tumor progression suggests that these factors strongly influence tumor behavior for the majority of pilocytic tumors. Age <1 year and 1-5 years, fibrillary histology, completeness of resection, and chiasmatic location are candidates for stratification in future studies.

Current and Future Strategies in Radiotherapy of Childhood Low-Grade Glioma of the Brain

Background:For more than 60 years, radiation therapy has been an integral part in the management of childhood low-grade glioma. As this tumor carries an excellent long-term prognosis, the risk of late effects is of particular clinical importance and impinges upon radiotherapeutic treatment strategies.Material and Methods:Studies on the use of radiation therapy in children with low-grade glioma were systematically reviewed for data on radiotherapy-induced side effects on brain parenchyma, endocrine dysfunction, growth retardation, neurocognitive dysfunction, vasculopathy, and secondary neoplasms.Results:Data on late effects are scarce and heterogeneous. Past reports included only retrospective series from the 1930s to present days, a time during which treatment policies and radiation techniques widely varied and considerably changed in recent years. Often, considerable uncertainty existed regarding pretreatment health status and radiotherapy-related factors (e. g., total dose, dose per fraction, treatment fields). In spite of these shortcomings and often conflicting observations, it appears that especially younger children and children with neurofibromatosis (NF) are at risk of endocrinopathies in terms of growth retardation and developmental abnormalities, as well as neurocognitive dysfunction expressed as problems in the psychosocial environment such as in education and occupation. However, both observations may be attributed to the higher proportion of NF in the very young who frequently develop large tumors spreading along the entire supratentorial midline. The risk of radiation-induced disturbances in visual function is low (no case reported). Young children with NF appear to have an increased risk of vasculopathies. 33 cases of moyamoya disease were found (preferably in the very young), 18 of whom were NF-positive. Other cerebrovascular accidents (24 cases, of whom 14 were NF-positive) and secondary neoplasms (15 cases, of whom only five occurred in field—four were high-grade astrocytomas) are a rare condition. The latter cannot be distinguished from late relapses with malignant transformation. Modern treatment techniques appear to reduce the risk of radiation-induced late effects.Conclusions:More studies and clear definitions of clinical endpoints such as neurocognitive and endocrinological outcome are needed in order to clarify the impact of radiation therapy on the risk of late sequelae. Presently, the strategy to postpone radiotherapy in the younger children, especially with NF, is justified to reduce the risk of late effects. These information and the contribution of tumor, surgery and chemotherapy will help to define the role of radiation therapy in the future management of childhood low-grade glioma and whether the use of highly sophisticated and expensive treatment techniques is justifiable. The recently initiated prospective study of the APRO (Pediatric Radiooncology Working Party) on documentation of dose prescription to organs at risk and the network of the GPOH to explore late effects as well as the forthcoming prospective SIOP/GPOH (International Society of Pediatric Oncology/German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology) LGG 2003 trial are addressing these issues.Hintergrund:Seit mehr als 60 Jahren bildet die Bestrahlung einen integralen Therapiebestandteil bei der Behandlung von niedrigmalignen Gliomen im Kindesalter. Da diese Tumoren eine sehr gute Langzeitprognose besitzen, spielt das Risiko für Therapiefolgen eine besondere klinische Rolle und beeinflusst damit radiotherapeutische Behandlungsstrategien.Material und Methodik:Studien über die Anwendung von Radiotherapie bei niedrigmalignen Gliomen im Kindesalter wurden systematisch analysiert im Hinblick auf Daten bezüglich strahlentherapieinduzierter Spätfolgen im Hirnparenchym, endokriner Funktion, Wachstum und Entwicklung, neurokognitiver Funktion, Gefäßveränderungen und Zweittumoren.Ergebnisse:Literaturangaben über Späteffekte sind gering und heterogen. Zurückliegende Berichte schlossen nur retrospektive Serien der 30er Jahre bis heute ein, also eine Zeit, in der sich Behandlungsrichtlinien und Strahlentherapietechniken erheblich unterschieden und sich in jüngster Zeit deutlich änderten. Häufig bestand eine ausgeprägte Unsicherheit hinsichtlich des Gesundheitszustands vor Therapie und strahlentherapiebezogener Faktoren (wie Gesamtdosis, Einzeldosis, Bestrahlungsfelder). Trotz dieser Einschränkungen und häufig widersprüchlicher Beobachtungen scheint es, als wiesen insbesondere jüngere Kinder und Kinder mit Neurofibromatose (NF) ein besonderes Risiko für endokrinologische Störungen in Form von Wachstumsverzögerung und Entwicklungsstörungen ebenso wie für neurokognitive Dysfunktionen, ausgedrückt als Probleme in der psychosozialen Umgebung wie Erziehung, Ausbildung und Beruf, auf. Beide Beobachtungen können jedoch dem höheren Anteil von NF bei sehr jungen Kindern zugeschrieben werden, die häufig große Tumoren entlang der gesamten supratentoriellen Mittellinie entwickeln. Das Risiko für strahlentherapieinduzierte Störungen der Visusfunktion ist gering (kein Literaturbericht hierzu). Jüngere Kinder mit NF scheinen ein erhöhtes Risiko für Gefäßerkrankungen aufzuweisen. 33 Fälle von Moyamoya-Syndrom wurden gefunden (vorzugsweise bei sehr jungen Kindern), von denen 18 das klinische Bild einer NF boten. Andere zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse (24 Fälle, davon 14 NF-positiv) und Zweittumoren (15 Fälle, von denen fünf innerhalb der Bestrahlungsfelder auftraten—vier waren hochmaligne Astrozytome) sind selten. Letztere sind nicht von späten Rückfällen mit Malignisierung zu unterscheiden. Moderne Bestrahlungstechniken scheinen das Risiko für strahlentherapiebedingte Spätfolgen zu senken.Schlussfolgerungen:Weitere prospektive Studien und eine klare Definition klinischer Endpunkte wie neurokognitives und endokrinologisches Behandlungsergebnis sind notwendig, um den Einfluss der Strahlentherapie auf das Risiko für Therapiefolgen abzuklären. Derzeit ist die Strategie, die Strahlentherapie bei jüngeren Kindern hinauszuzögern (besonders bei NF), gerechtfertigt, um das Risiko für Therapiefolgen zu reduzieren. Diese Informationen und der Beitrag von Tumor, Operation und Chemotherapie werden dazu dienen, die Rolle der Strahlentherapie in zukünftigen Behandlungsstrategien zu definieren, und klären helfen, ob die Anwendung hochpräziser und aufwendiger Bestrahlungstechniken gerechtfertigt ist. Die kürzlich initiierte prospektive Studie der APRO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pädiatrische Radioonkologie) zur Dokumentation von Dosisverschreibungen innerhalb von Risikoorganen und das Kompetenznetzwerk pädiatrische Onkologie der GPOH zur Untersuchung von Spätfolgen befassen sich ebenso wie die in Vorbereitung befindliche SIOP/GPOH- (International Society of Pediatric Oncology/Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie-)LGG-2003-Studie mit diesen Themen.

Current and future strategies in radiotherapy of childhood low-grade glioma of the brain. Part II: Treatment-related late toxicity

Background:For more than 60 years, radiation therapy has been an integral part in the management of childhood low-grade glioma. As this tumor carries an excellent long-term prognosis, the risk of late effects is of particular clinical importance and impinges upon radiotherapeutic treatment strategies.Material and Methods:Studies on the use of radiation therapy in children with low-grade glioma were systematically reviewed for data on radiotherapy-induced side effects on brain parenchyma, endocrine dysfunction, growth retardation, neurocognitive dysfunction, vasculopathy, and secondary neoplasms.Results:Data on late effects are scarce and heterogeneous. Past reports included only retrospective series from the 1930s to present days, a time during which treatment policies and radiation techniques widely varied and considerably changed in recent years. Often, considerable uncertainty existed regarding pretreatment health status and radiotherapy-related factors (e. g., total dose, dose per fraction, treatment fields). In spite of these shortcomings and often conflicting observations, it appears that especially younger children and children with neurofibromatosis (NF) are at risk of endocrinopathies in terms of growth retardation and developmental abnormalities, as well as neurocognitive dysfunction expressed as problems in the psychosocial environment such as in education and occupation. However, both observations may be attributed to the higher proportion of NF in the very young who frequently develop large tumors spreading along the entire supratentorial midline. The risk of radiation-induced disturbances in visual function is low (no case reported). Young children with NF appear to have an increased risk of vasculopathies. 33 cases of moyamoya disease were found (preferably in the very young), 18 of whom were NF-positive. Other cerebrovascular accidents (24 cases, of whom 14 were NF-positive) and secondary neoplasms (15 cases, of whom only five occurred in field—four were high-grade astrocytomas) are a rare condition. The latter cannot be distinguished from late relapses with malignant transformation. Modern treatment techniques appear to reduce the risk of radiation-induced late effects.Conclusions:More studies and clear definitions of clinical endpoints such as neurocognitive and endocrinological outcome are needed in order to clarify the impact of radiation therapy on the risk of late sequelae. Presently, the strategy to postpone radiotherapy in the younger children, especially with NF, is justified to reduce the risk of late effects. These information and the contribution of tumor, surgery and chemotherapy will help to define the role of radiation therapy in the future management of childhood low-grade glioma and whether the use of highly sophisticated and expensive treatment techniques is justifiable. The recently initiated prospective study of the APRO (Pediatric Radiooncology Working Party) on documentation of dose prescription to organs at risk and the network of the GPOH to explore late effects as well as the forthcoming prospective SIOP/GPOH (International Society of Pediatric Oncology/German Society of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology) LGG 2003 trial are addressing these issues.Hintergrund:Seit mehr als 60 Jahren bildet die Bestrahlung einen integralen Therapiebestandteil bei der Behandlung von niedrigmalignen Gliomen im Kindesalter. Da diese Tumoren eine sehr gute Langzeitprognose besitzen, spielt das Risiko für Therapiefolgen eine besondere klinische Rolle und beeinflusst damit radiotherapeutische Behandlungsstrategien.Material und Methodik:Studien über die Anwendung von Radiotherapie bei niedrigmalignen Gliomen im Kindesalter wurden systematisch analysiert im Hinblick auf Daten bezüglich strahlentherapieinduzierter Spätfolgen im Hirnparenchym, endokriner Funktion, Wachstum und Entwicklung, neurokognitiver Funktion, Gefäßveränderungen und Zweittumoren.Ergebnisse:Literaturangaben über Späteffekte sind gering und heterogen. Zurückliegende Berichte schlossen nur retrospektive Serien der 30er Jahre bis heute ein, also eine Zeit, in der sich Behandlungsrichtlinien und Strahlentherapietechniken erheblich unterschieden und sich in jüngster Zeit deutlich änderten. Häufig bestand eine ausgeprägte Unsicherheit hinsichtlich des Gesundheitszustands vor Therapie und strahlentherapiebezogener Faktoren (wie Gesamtdosis, Einzeldosis, Bestrahlungsfelder). Trotz dieser Einschränkungen und häufig widersprüchlicher Beobachtungen scheint es, als wiesen insbesondere jüngere Kinder und Kinder mit Neurofibromatose (NF) ein besonderes Risiko für endokrinologische Störungen in Form von Wachstumsverzögerung und Entwicklungsstörungen ebenso wie für neurokognitive Dysfunktionen, ausgedrückt als Probleme in der psychosozialen Umgebung wie Erziehung, Ausbildung und Beruf, auf. Beide Beobachtungen können jedoch dem höheren Anteil von NF bei sehr jungen Kindern zugeschrieben werden, die häufig große Tumoren entlang der gesamten supratentoriellen Mittellinie entwickeln. Das Risiko für strahlentherapieinduzierte Störungen der Visusfunktion ist gering (kein Literaturbericht hierzu). Jüngere Kinder mit NF scheinen ein erhöhtes Risiko für Gefäßerkrankungen aufzuweisen. 33 Fälle von Moyamoya-Syndrom wurden gefunden (vorzugsweise bei sehr jungen Kindern), von denen 18 das klinische Bild einer NF boten. Andere zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse (24 Fälle, davon 14 NF-positiv) und Zweittumoren (15 Fälle, von denen fünf innerhalb der Bestrahlungsfelder auftraten—vier waren hochmaligne Astrozytome) sind selten. Letztere sind nicht von späten Rückfällen mit Malignisierung zu unterscheiden. Moderne Bestrahlungstechniken scheinen das Risiko für strahlentherapiebedingte Spätfolgen zu senken.Schlussfolgerungen:Weitere prospektive Studien und eine klare Definition klinischer Endpunkte wie neurokognitives und endokrinologisches Behandlungsergebnis sind notwendig, um den Einfluss der Strahlentherapie auf das Risiko für Therapiefolgen abzuklären. Derzeit ist die Strategie, die Strahlentherapie bei jüngeren Kindern hinauszuzögern (besonders bei NF), gerechtfertigt, um das Risiko für Therapiefolgen zu reduzieren. Diese Informationen und der Beitrag von Tumor, Operation und Chemotherapie werden dazu dienen, die Rolle der Strahlentherapie in zukünftigen Behandlungsstrategien zu definieren, und klären helfen, ob die Anwendung hochpräziser und aufwendiger Bestrahlungstechniken gerechtfertigt ist. Die kürzlich initiierte prospektive Studie der APRO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pädiatrische Radioonkologie) zur Dokumentation von Dosisverschreibungen innerhalb von Risikoorganen und das Kompetenznetzwerk pädiatrische Onkologie der GPOH zur Untersuchung von Spätfolgen befassen sich ebenso wie die in Vorbereitung befindliche SIOP/GPOH- (International Society of Pediatric Oncology/Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie-)LGG-2003-Studie mit diesen Themen.

Guidelines for equipment and staffing of radiotherapy facilities in the European countries: Final results of the ESTRO-HERO survey

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In planning to meet evidence based needs for radiotherapy, guidelines for the provision of capital and human resources are central if access, quality and safety are not to be compromised. A component of the ESTRO-HERO (Health Economics in Radiation Oncology) project is to document the current availability and content of guidelines for radiotherapy in Europe. MATERIALS AND METHODS An 84 part questionnaire was distributed to the European countries through their national scientific and professional radiotherapy societies with 30 items relating to the availability of guidelines for equipment and staffing and selected operational issues. Twenty-nine countries provided full or partial evaluable responses. RESULTS The availability of guidelines across Europe is far from uniform. The metrics used for capital and human resources are variable. There seem to have been no major changes in the availability or specifics of guidelines over the ten-year period since the QUARTS study with the exception of the recent expansion of RTT staffing models. Where comparison is possible it appears that staffing for radiation oncologists, medical physicists and particularly RTTs tend to exceed guidelines suggesting developments in clinical radiotherapy are moving faster than guideline updating. CONCLUSION The efficient provision of safe, high quality radiotherapy services would benefit from the availability of well-structured guidelines for capital and human resources, based on agreed upon metrics, which could be linked to detailed estimates of need.

Treatment of recurrent central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumours in children and adolescents: Results of a Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group study

BACKGROUND The treatment of previously irradiated patients with recurrent central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumours (PNETs) is a considerable challenge. A study was undertaken to attempt to improve the outcome for such patients using a high dose chemotherapy (HDCT) based strategy. METHODS Between 2000 and 2007, 40 patients with relapsed medulloblastoma (MB) and 5 with relapsed supratentorial PNETs (StPNETs) were accrued. All but one had received prior craniospinal radiotherapy. Patients were initially treated with cyclophosphamide (4 g/m(2)) together with surgery or local radiotherapy where appropriate. If complete or near complete remission was achieved, the patient proceeded to receive two sequential courses of HDCT with stem cell rescue. The first course consisted of thiotepa (900 mg/m(2)) and the second carboplatin (AUC 21). RESULTS All five patients with StPNET died of tumour progression with a median OS of 0.4 years. Nineteen of the 40 patients with relapsed MB underwent surgery. Radiotherapy was administered to eight patients. All patients received at least one course of cyclophosphamide. Only 22 MB patients progressed to the HDCT phase; 10 patients received thiotepa only and 12 thiotepa and carboplatin. At a median follow-up of 7.4 years (Range 2.8-8.2 years), only three MB patients are still alive, one following a further relapse. Three and 5 year OS was 22.0% and 8.2%, respectively and 3 and 5 year EFS was 14.6% and 8.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION This national study based on a strategy including a particular tandem HDCT regimen showed no benefit for previously irradiated patients with relapsed StPNET and very limited benefit for patients with relapsed medulloblastoma.