Rohana Chandrajith

Medical geochemistry of tropical environments

Abstract Geochemically, tropical environments are unique. This uniqueness stems from the fact that these terrains are continuously subjected to extreme rainfall and drought with resulting strong geochemical fractionation of elements. This characteristic geochemical partitioning results in either severe depletion of elements or accumulation to toxic levels. In both these situations, the effect on plant, animal and human health is marked. Medical geochemistry involves the study of the relationships between the geochemistry of the environment in which we live and the health of the population living in this particular domain. Interestingly, the relationships between geochemistry and health are most marked in the tropical countries, which coincidentally are among the poorest in the world. The very heavy dependence on the immediate environment for sustainable living in these lands enables the medical geochemist to observe correlations between particular geochemical provinces and the incidence of certain diseases unique to these terrains. The aetiology of diseases such as dental and skeletal fluorosis, iodine deficiency disorders, diseases of humans and animals caused by mineral imbalances among others, lie clearly in the geochemical environment. The study of the chemistry of the soils, water and stream sediments in relation to the incidence of geographically distributed diseases in the tropics has not only opened up new frontiers in multidisciplinary research, but has offered new challenges to the medical profession to seriously focus attention on the emerging field of medical geochemistry with the collaboration of geochemists and epidemiologists.

Dose-dependent Na and Ca in fluoride-rich drinking water--another major cause of chronic renal failure in tropical arid regions.

Endemic occurrence of chronic kidney disease with unknown etiology is reported in certain parts of the north central dry zone of Sri Lanka and has become a new and emerging health issue. The disease exclusively occurs in settlements where groundwater is the main source of drinking water and is more common among low socio-economic groups, particularly among the farming community. Due to its remarkable geographic distribution and histopathological evidence, the disease is believed to be an environmentally induced problem. This paper describes a detailed hydrogeochemical study that has been carried out covering endemic and non-endemic regions. Higher fluoride levels are common in drinking water from both affected and non-affected regions, whereas Ca-bicarbonate type water is more common in the affected regions. In terms of the geochemical composition of drinking water, affected households were rather similar to control regions, but there is a large variation in the Na/Ca ratio within each of the two groups. Fluoride as shown in this study causes renal tubular damage. However it does not act alone and in certain instances it is even cytoprotective. The fine dividing line between cytotoxicity and cytoprotectivity of fluoride appears to be the effect of Ca(2+) and Na(+) of the ingested water on the F(-) metabolism. This study illustrates a third major cause (the other two being hypertension and diabetes) of chronic kidney diseases notably in tropical arid regions such as the dry zone of Sri Lanka.

Application of multi-element relationships in stream sediments to mineral exploration: a case study of Walawe Ganga Basin, Sri Lanka

Abstract This study on the application of multi-element relationships in stream sediments to mineral exploration in the Walawe Ganga Basin presents one of the first of its kind in Sri Lanka. In order to determine the nature of these sediments, multi-element analysis of selected grain size ( Some elements, notably Zr, Hf, Th, U, Ce and La, show very high enrichment factors (e.g. 54 for Zr) as compared to the upper crustal abundance. These are presumably associated with heavy minerals such as zircon, rutile and monazite found in abundance in the stream sediments of the Walawe Ganga Basin. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the geochemical data show that multi-element relationships could be effectively used to delineate target areas for mineral exploration. With the use of PCA, this study reveals that areas with associations of calc-silicate/marble and charnockitic rocks are probable source regions for mineral occurrences, particularly in the axial regions of anticlines.

An Integrative Study of the Genetic, Social and Environmental Determinants of Chronic Kidney Disease Characterized by Tubulointerstitial Damages in the North Central Region of Sri Lanka

An Integrative Study of the Genetic, Social and Environmental Determinants of Chronic Kidney Disease Characterized by Tubulointerstitial Damages in the North Central Region of Sri Lanka: Shanika NANAYAKKARA, et al. Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University—

Risk factors associated with disease progression and mortality in chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology: a cohort study in Medawachchiya, Sri Lanka

BackgroundThe alarming rise in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDu) among the low socioeconomic farming community in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka has been recognized as an emerging public health issue in the country.MethodsThis study sought to determine the possible factors associated with the progression and mortality of CKDu. The study utilized a single-center cohort registered in 2003 and followed up until 2009 in a regional clinic in the endemic region, and used a Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsWe repeatedly found an association between disease progression and hypertension. Men were at higher risk of CKDu than women. A significant proportion of the patients in this cohort were underweight, which emphasized the need for future studies on the nutritional status of these patients.ConclusionsCompared with findings in western countries and other regions of Asia, we identified hypertension as a major risk factor for progression of CKDu in this cohort.

Sources of stream sediments in the granulite terrain of the Walawe Ganga Basin, Sri Lanka, indicated by rare earth element geochemistry

Abstract Thirty-eight samples of stream sediments draining high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Walawe Ganga (river) Basin, Sri Lanka, were analysed for their REE contents, together with samples of metamorphic suites from the source region. The metamorphic rocks are enriched in light REE (LREE) compared to heavy REE (HREE) and are characterised by high La/Lu ratios and negative Eu anomalies. The chondrite-normalised patterns for these granulite-grade rocks are similar to that of the average post-Archaean upper crust, but they are slightly enriched with La and Ce. The REE contents of the N /Sm N and lower La N /Lu N ratios relative to other fractions. The lower La N /Lu N ratio is related to the depletion of heavy minerals in the

The Stream Sediment Geochemistry of the Walawe Ganga Basin of Sri Lanka - Implications for Gondwana Mineralization

A regional geochemical and mineralogical study aimed at investigating the mineralization in the western-part of the Walawe Ganga (river) Basin in Sri Lanka is represented in this paper. The river basin is the 3rd largest in the country and has within it a boundary zone between two geologically different crustal blocks, which are marked by granulitic grade rocks and amphibolite grade rocks. Size fractions of stream sediments (< 63 μm; 63–125 μm; 125–177 μm and 177–250 μm) developed on the granulite-grade metamorphic terrain have been analysed at their source for their mineralogical and selected element compositions. Thirty-eight (38) sediment samples and 15 representative probable parent rock samples were chemically analysed giving special emphasis to the High Field Strength trace Elements (HFSE) including the Rare Earth Elements (REE). The granulite grade rocks in the study area is geochemically similar to that of post Archean upper crust. However the stream sediments developed from the high-grade rocks during the intense weathering, are markedly enriched with HFSE and REE. The enrichment of HFSE and LREE is accounted for by the presence of HFSE- and REE- rich accessory mineral phases such as zircon, monazite, apatite, garnet and rutile in the sediments. In some samples, the content of heavy minerals contributes as much as 50 wt. %. These minerals act as a source of elements in the sediments. However, extreme hydraulic sorting of HFSE- and REE-bearing minerals during the sediment deposition cannot be expected within a short distance from near the sources except from a mineralized occurrence. Therefore, the higher enrichment of these elements presumably indicates occurrences of scattered mineral sources such as highly differentiated granites and associated pegmatites within the Walawe Ganga drainage basin. These granitic pegmatites are probably intruded during or soon after the main granulite-facies metamorphic event and similar events are seen in other terrains of East-Gondwana.

Environmental exposures of trace elements assessed using keratinized matrices from patients with chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka

An alarming increase in chronic kidney disease with unknown etiology (CKDu) has recently been reported in several provinces in Sri Lanka and chronic exposures to toxic trace elements were blamed for the etiology of this disease. Keratinized matrices such as hair and nails were investigated to determine the possible link between CKDu and toxic element exposures. Elements Li, B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Ba, Hg and Pb of hair and nails of patients and age that matched healthy controls were determined with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that trace element contents in the hair of patients varies in the order of Zn>Fe>Al>Mn>Cu>Ba>Sr>Ni>Pb>Cr>B>Hg>Se>Mo>Co>As>Li>Cd while Fe>Al>Zn>Ni>Cu>Mn>Cr>Ba>Sr>B>Pb>Se>Mo>Co>Hg>Li>As>Cd in nail samples. The hair As levels of 0.007-0.165μgg-1 were found in CKDu subjects. However, no significant difference was observed between cases and controls. The total Se content in hair of CKDu subjects ranged from 0.043 to 0.513μgg-1 while it was varied from 0.031 to 1.15μgg-1 in controls. Selenium in nail samples varied from 0.037μgg-1 to 4.10μgg-1 in CKDu subjects and from 0.042μgg-1 to 2.19μgg-1 in controls. This study implies that substantial proportions of Sri Lankan population are Se deficient irrespective of gender, age and occupational exposure. Although some cutaneous manifestations were observed in patient subjects, chemical analyses of hair and nails indicated that patients were not exposed to toxic levels of arsenic or the other studied toxic elements. Therefore the early suggested causative factors such as exposure to environmental As and Cd, can be ruled out.

Enrichment of high field strength elements in stream sediments of a granulite terrain in Sri Lanka — evidence for a mineralized belt

Abstract Size fractions ( However, geochemical data of these rocks do not correlate with elemental content in stream sediments. Only alkali, alkaline earth and some trace elements such as Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, and Y roughly correlate with the chemical composition of the probable source rocks. Nevertheless, most of the HFSE and related trace elements (e.g. Ti, V, Nb, Zr, Hf, Th, La, Ce) are highly enriched (factor of 10 or more) in sediments compared to the probable source rocks. Compared to the

Controls of evaporative irrigation return flows in comparison to seawater intrusion in coastal karstic aquifers in northern Sri Lanka: Evidence from solutes and stable isotopes.

Groundwater in Miocene karstic aquifers in the Jaffna Peninsula of Sri Lanka is an important resource since no other fresh water sources are available in the region. The subsurface is characterized by highly productive limestone aquifers that are used for drinking and agriculture purposes. A comprehensive hydrogeochemical study was carried out to reveal the processes affecting the groundwater quality in this region. Major and trace element composition and environmental isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen (δ(18)OH2O and δ(2)HH2O) were determined in 35 groundwater samples for this investigation. The ion abundance of groundwater in the region was characterized by an anion sequence order with HCO3->Cl->SO4->NO3-. For cations, average Na(+)+K(+) contents in groundwater exceeded those of Ca(2+)+Mg(2+) in most cases. Ionic relationships of major solutes indicated open system calcite dissolution while seawater intrusions are also evident but only close to the coast. The solute contents are enriched by agricultural irrigation returns and associated evaporation. This was confirmed by the stable isotope composition of groundwater that deviated from the local meteoric water line (LMWL) and formed its own regression line denoted as the local evaporation line (LEL). The latter can be described by δ(2)HH2O=5.8×δ(18)OH2O -- 2.9. Increased contents of nitrate-N (up to 5mg/L), sulfate (up to 430mg/L) and fluoride (up to 1.5mg/L) provided evidences for anthropogenic inputs of solutes, most likely from agriculture activities. Among trace elements Ba, Sr, As and Se levels in the Jaffna groundwater were higher compared to that of the dry zone metamorphic aquifers in Sri Lanka. Solute geochemistry and stable isotope evidences from the region indicates that groundwater in the area is mainly derived from local modern precipitation but modified heavily by progressive evaporative concentration rather than seawater intrusion.