Rohit Kumar

Genomic Dissection and Expression Profiling Revealed Functional Divergence in Triticum aestivum Leucine Rich Repeat Receptor Like Kinases (TaLRRKs).

The leucine rich repeat receptor like kinases (LRRK) constitute the largest subfamily of receptor like kinases (RLK), which play critical roles in plant development and stress responses. Herein, we identified 531 TaLRRK genes in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), which were distributed throughout the A, B, and D sub-genomes and chromosomes. These were clustered into 233 homologous groups, which were mostly located on either homeologous chromosomes from various sub-genomes or in proximity on the same chromosome. A total of 255 paralogous genes were predicted which depicted the role of duplication events in expansion of this gene family. Majority of TaLRRKs consisted of trans-membrane region and localized on plasma-membrane. The TaLRRKs were further categorized into eight phylogenetic groups with numerous subgroups on the basis of sequence homology. The gene and protein structure in terms of exon/intron ratio, domains, and motifs organization were found to be variably conserved across the different phylogenetic groups/subgroups, which indicated a potential divergence and neofunctionalization during evolution. High-throughput transcriptome data and quantitative real time PCR analyses in various developmental stages, and biotic and abiotic (heat, drought, and salt) stresses provided insight into modus operandi of TaLRRKs during these conditions. Distinct expression of majority of stress responsive TaLRRKs homologous genes suggested their specified role in a particular condition. These results provided a comprehensive analysis of various characteristic features including functional divergence, which may provide the way for future functional characterization of this important gene family in bread wheat.

Soft and Hard Textured Wheat Differ in Starch Properties as Indicated by Trimodal Distribution, Morphology, Thermal and Crystalline Properties

Starch and proteins are major components in the wheat endosperm that affect its end product quality. Between the two textural classes of wheat i.e. hard and soft, starch granules are loosely bound with the lipids and proteins in soft wheat due to higher expression of interfering grain softness proteins. It might have impact on starch granules properties. In this work for the first time the physiochemical and structural properties of different sized starch granules (A-, B- and C-granules) were studied to understand the differences in starches with respect to soft and hard wheat. A-, B- and C-type granules were separated with >95% purity. Average number and proportion of A-, B-, and C-type granules was 18%, 56%, 26% and 76%, 19%, 5% respectively. All had symmetrical birefringence pattern with varied intensity. All displayed typical A-type crystallites. A-type granules also showed V-type crystallinity that is indicative of starch complexes with lipids and proteins. Granules differing in gelatinization temperature (ΔH) and transition temperature (ΔT), showed different enthalpy changes during heating. Substitution analysis indicated differences in relative substitution pattern of different starch granules. Birefringence, percentage crystallinity, transmittance, gelatinization enthalpy and substitution decreased in order of A>B>C being higher in hard wheat than soft wheat. Amylose content decreased in order of A>B>C being higher in soft wheat than hard wheat. Reconstitution experiment showed that starch properties could be manipulated by changing the composition of starch granules. Addition of A-granules to total starch significantly affected its thermal properties. Effect of A-granule addition was higher than B- and C-granules. Transmittance of the starch granules paste showed that starch granules of hard wheat formed clear paste. These results suggested that in addition to differences in protein concentration, hard and soft wheat lines have differences in starch composition also.

Influence of different binding energies in clusterization approach: fragmentation as an example

We study multifragmentation within the framework of a quantum molecular dynamics model using different binding energy formulae in the secondary algorithm; namely, the minimum spanning tree approach. A comparison of theoretical results with experimental data over a wide range of energy, mass and impact parameter is also presented. Our detailed analysis shows an insignificant difference of different binding energies when used at finite temperatures on the fragmentation pattern which, on the other hand, becomes significant when used for cold matter.

Emerging Estimation Techniques

Software cost estimation is the process of predicting the effort required to develop a software system. Accurate cost estimation helps us complete the project within time and budget. There are lots of methods are there for efforts and cost estimation, but people do not know how to use these methods. This paper provides a general overview of software cost estimation methods including the recent advances in the respective field. Machine learning techniques such as neural networks, rule induction, genetic algorithm and case-based reasoning are finding application in a wide variety of fields such as computer vision; cloud computing, econometrics and medicine. This paper highlights the cost estimation models that have been proposed and used successfully.

Multi-channel medium access control protocols: review and comparison

Abstract Multi-Channel networks has been widely implemented and used in wired domain. The use of multi-channel provides increased network performance by efficiently utilizing the available bandwidth. The notion of multi-channels in wireless domain isnt as mature as their wired counterparts are. In past, many protocols have been invented using the concept of multi-channels in wireless domain. In this paper, all these major techniques has been presented, discussed and compared with respect to medium access control (MAC) methods of these techniques and protocols.

SPF: Segmented processor framework for energy efficient proactive routing based applications in MANET

Communicating nodes in MANET (Mobile Ad hoc Network) are highly mobile and battery powered. Energy of component node is a scare resource in MANET and the network lifetime depends on the availability of battery power. Numerous optimizations have been made in routing algorithms to ensure energy efficiency and increased network lifetime. This paper proposes a segmented processor framework particularly for the proactive routing based applications in MANET to optimize power consumption. The simulation results indicate energy savings of approximately over seven times as compared to identical set up with conventional processor architecture.

Comparative Analysis of Neural Network Techniques for Estimation

Software cost estimation is the process of predicting the effort required to develop a software system. Accurate cost estimation helps us complete the project within time and budget. For completing the project in time and budget, one must have efficient estimation technique for predicting project efforts. Artificial neural network is a promising technique to provide efficient and good results when dealing with problems where there are complex relationship between inputs and outputs. Researchers proved better estimation using back propagation techniques like RBP and Bayesian regulation. In this paper further discussion will be about the study and the efficiency of Neural based one step secant back propagation based cost estimation model, Powell-Beale conjugate gradient model and Fletcher-reeves conjugate gradient model. Result is concluded with the best effort predicting model.

Implementation of USB 3.0 SuperSpeed Physical Layer using Verilog HDL

In this proposed design it mainly includes USB 3.0, Physical Layer along with USB 2.0 functionality with Super speed functionality. Physical Layer mainly contains PCI Express and PIPE interface. This proposed design transferred data from transmitter to receiver serially. This design manages to transfer data either on 2.5GT/s or on 5.0GT/s depends upon the mode and rate. The design generates clock that runs on two different frequencies i.e. 125MHz and 250MHz that used to transfer data on parallel interface. This Design manages to capture the data that are coming asynchronously and lock the receiver clock with incoming asynchronous serial data. The architecture for USB 3.0 Physical Layer has been proposed in this paper. The proposed model is implemented and verified using Verilog HDL.

Anthocyanin bio-fortified colored wheat: Nutritional and functional characterization

Colored wheat, rich in anthocyanins, has created interest among the breeders and baking industry. This study was aimed at understanding the nutritional and product making potential of our advanced, high yielding and regionally adapted colored wheat lines. Our results indicated that our advanced colored wheat lines exhibited higher anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity than donor wheat lines and it varied in the order of white<purple<blue<black wheat. UPLC chromatogram revealed that anthocyanin composition and peak pattern is not only dependent on donor genotype but also background of recipient genotype. Interestingly, the purple wheat extract showed highest anti-inflammatory effect and followed the trend of white<blue<black<purple. Nutritional (carbohydrates, sugar, protein, ash, dietary fibre and vitamins) and processing parameters in relation to end-use quality (SDS sedimentation, gluten content, alveograph) of advanced colored lines were similar to high yielding white wheat cultivar. Colored wheat lines showed high iron and zinc content compared to white wheat indicating double bio-fortification. Therefore, our advanced colored wheat lines with high anthocyanin, iron and zinc contents showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and possessed desirable features for product making and commercial utilization.

Privacy Preserving Big Data publishing- A scalable K-anonymization approach using MapReduce

Networked data contain interconnected entities for which inferences are to be made. For example, web pages are interconnected by hyperlinks, research papers are associated by references, phone accounts are linked by calls, and conceivable terrorists are linked by communications. Networks have turned out to be ubiquitous. Correspondence networks, financial transaction networks, networks portraying physical systems, and social networks are all ending up noticeably progressively important in our everyday life. Regularly, we are interested in models of how nodes in the system influence each other (for example, who taints whom in an epidemiological system), models for predicting an attribute of intrigue in light of observed attributes of objects in the system. The technique of SVM is applied which will classify the data into malicious and non-malicious. In the previous study authors proposed various model for privacy preserving which are group based records, K-anonymity etc. In the existing models there are various problems like it affect data utilities, harm the data identifiers. In the research work, the hybrid approach has been designed to ensure data privacy which is based on attribute and data identifiers.