Roman Jakobson

CHILD LANGUAGE, APHASIA AND PHONOLOGICAL UNIVERSALS

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Preliminaries to speech analysis : the distinctive features and their correlates

This work attempts to describes the ultimate discrete components of language, their specific structure, and their articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual correlates, and surveys their utilization in the language of the world. First published in 1951, this edition contains an added paper on Tenseness and Laxness.

Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze

Roman Jakobson hat sich in seinem in deutscher Sprache verfassten und zuerst in Uppsala 1941 erschienenen Werk „Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze“ zum Ziel gesetzt zu beweisen, dass Kindersprache und Aphasie in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft einbezogen werden müssen, da ihnen die gleichen Gesetze zugrunde liegen wie der Lautgeschichte aller Völkersprachen. Es handelt sich also nicht um eine allgemeine Einführung in die Linguistik, sondern um eine spezielle Thematik.

Quest for the Essence of Language

von Humboldt taught that &dquo;there is an apparent connection between sound and meaning which, however, only seldom lends itself to an exact elucidation, is often only glimpsed, and most usually remains obscure.&dquo; This connection and coordination have been an eternal crucial problem in the age-old science of language. How it was nonetheless temporarily forgotten by the linguists of the recent past may be illustrated by the repeated praises for the amazing novelty of Ferdinand de Saussure’s interpretation of the sign, in particular the verbal sign, as an indissoluble unity of two constituents-.rigni fiant and signifiéalthough this conception jointly with its terminology was taken

The Beginnings of National Self-Determination in Europe

THE ORIGINS and the development of the national idea in Europe have been in recent years, particularly since the first World War, a favorite topic of culturo-historical studies. These studies have traced the gradual movement of European peoples toward national self-determination, and have described as normal the development from a vague feeling of warring tribal solidarity to a more conscious patriotism which customarily crystallizes around the prince, the king, in brief, the sovereign. According to these studies, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries national culture was more and more emphasized; the claims of national language increased and finally reached a culmination in the Reformation.

SUBLIMINAL VERBAL PATTERING IN POETRY

the poetic selection, accumulation, juxtaposition, distribution, and exclusion of diverse phonological and grammatical classes cannot be viewed as negligible accidentals governed by the rule of chance. Any significant poetic composition, whether it is an improvisation or a fruit of long and painstaking labor, implies a goal-oriented choice of verbal material. In particular, when comparing the extant variants of a poem, one realizes the relevance of the phonemic, morphological, and syntactical framework for the author. What the pivots of this network are may and quite frequently does remain outside of his awareness, but even without being able to single out the pertinent expedients, the poet and his receptive reader nevertheless spontaneously apprehend the artistic advantage of a context endowed with those components over a similar one devoid of them. The poet is more accustomed to abstract those verbal patterns, and, especially, those rules of versification which he assumes to be compulsory, whereas a facultative, variational device does not lend itself so easily to a separate interpretation and definition. Obviously, a conscious deliberation may occur and assume a beneficial role in poetic creation, as Baudelaire emphasized with reference to Edgar Allan Poe. There remains, however, an open question: whether in certain cases intuitive verbal latency does not precede and underlie even such a cognizant consideration. The rational account (prise de conscience) of the very framework may arise in the author ex post facto or never at all. Schillers and Goethes exchange of well-grounded assertions cannot be dogmatically dismissed. According to Schillers experience (Erfahrung), depicted in his letter of March 27, 1801, the poet begins nur mit dem Bewusstlosen [merely with the uncon

Der grammatische Aufbau der Kindersprache

Es ist fur mich eine grose Ehre, in der Rheinisch-Westfalischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu sprechen. Ich warte mit Ungeduld auf die Diskussion, da die Probleme, die mein Vortrag beruhrt, mit meiner ganzen linguistischen Arbeit einiger Jahrzehnte eng verbunden sind. Ich mochte hier gerne auf die Kernfragen der Kindersprache zuruckkommen.

Dialogue on Time in Language and Literature

K.P. In one of your recent synoptic surveys discussing the tasks of the science of language among other contemporary sciences, in Scientific American 1972, you made a brief outline of the history of linguistics and touched upon the doctrine of the Young Grammarians. Their methodology actually amounted to nothing more than a history of language. Overcoming the Young Grammarian doctrine, which had been prevalent for some time, was one of de Saussures achievements. However, in his Cours de linguistique gdnerale he again reduced the task of studying the language and system to one aspect only, that of static synchrony. Both approaches the historicism of the Young Grammarians and the static program of de Saussure were evidently onesided. How could one overcome this limitation?

Two Types of Discourse in Hölderlin’s Madness

Holderlin, who had already suffered schizophrenic attacks, became ill in 1802, i.e., in his thirty-second year — according to medical opinion, “with an acute schizophrenic psychosis.”1 Schelling described him in a letter to Hegel of July 11, 1803 as “with his mind completely shattered” and, although “still to a certain degree capable” of a few more literary works, “otherwise in a state of total oblivion.”2 In August 1806, Holderlin’s mother received a letter from his close friend, Isaak Sinclair, reporting that it was no longer possible that “my unhappy friend, whose madness has reached an advanced stage, remain any longer … in Homburg” and “that his continued freedom could even become dangerous to the public.”3 After a few agonizing months in a Tubingen asylum, the ill man, in keeping with his poetic premonition, remained for an entire “Halfte des Lebens” [Half of One’s life] “Weh mir, wo nehm ich, wenn // Es Winter ist, die Blumen”[Alas, where shall I find, when // It is winter, the flowers]4 in the house of a Tubingen carpenter, Ernst Zimmer, “given lodgings and care” until the end of his life [1843 — Trans.]. According to the reminiscences of the pastor Max Effert (published in 1849), “the unhappy poet Holderlin,” the inhabitant of the little tower room in the carpenter’s house near the old animal pen, “wandered … to and fro” “until a few years ago, out of his mind, engaged in an eternally confused conversation with himself.”5

A Postscript to the Discussion on Grammar of Poetry

The linguistic study of poetry is double in scope. On the one hand, the science of language, which obviously should examine verbal signs in all their arrangements and functions, cannot rightfully neglect the poetic function, which together with the other verbal functions participates in the speech of every human being from earliest infancy and plays a crucial role in the structuring of discourse. This function entails an introverted attitude toward verbal signs in their union of the signans and the signatum, and it acquires a dominant position in poetic language. The latter calls for a most meticulous examination by the linguist, especially since verse seems to belong to the universal phenomena of human culture. Saint Augustine even judged that without experience in poetics one would hardly be able to fulfill the duties of a worthy grammarian. On the other hand, all research in the area of poetics presupposes an initiation to the scientific study of language, because poetry is a verbal art and therefore implies, first of all, a particular use of language. At present linguists who venture to study poetic language run into a whole battery of objections from literary critics, some of whom stubbornly contest the right of linguistics to explore the problems of poetry. At most, they propose to assign to this science, in its relation to poetics, the status of an auxiliary discipline. All such restrictive and prohibitive procedures are based upon an outdated prejudice that either deprives linguistics of its primordial objective, i.e. the study of verbal form in relation to its functions, or allots to linguistics but one of the various tasks of language, the referential function. Other biases, which in turn result from a misconception of contemporary linguistics and its vistas, lead the critics into serious blunders. Thus, the idea of linguistics as a discipline enclosed within the narrow limits of the sentence, which consequently makes the linguist incapable of examining the composition of poems, is contradicted by the progressing study of multinuclear utterances and by discourse analysis, one of the tasks which is now at the forefront of linguistic science. At present the linguist is preoccupied with semantic problems at all levels of language, and when he seeks to describe what makes up a poem, then its meaning-in brief, the semantic aspect of the poem-appears precisely as an integral part of the whole, and we may ask why there still are critics who imagine that the semantic analysis of a poetic message involves a transgression of the linguistic approach. If the poem raises questions which go beyond its verbal texture, we enter-and the science of language provides us with a host of examples-into a broader