Romulo da Silva Carvalho

Parasitóides de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) associados a fruteiras tropicais

Foram encontradas especies de himenopteros parasitando larvas de moscas-das-frutas no municipio de Conceicao do Almeida, no Reconcavo Baiano, nas seguintes proporcoes: o Eucoilidae Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brethes) (12,2%), os braconideos Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) (81,4%), Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae (Viereck) (0,7%) e Opius spp. (0,7%) alem da especie introduzida Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (5,0%). Foram feitas amostragens de setembro de 1995 a setembro de 1996, em frutos de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.), carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) e manga (Mangifera indica L.), caidos sob a copa das arvores. As pupas viaveis obtidas apresentaram parasitismo final de 7,4%, 43,9%, 10,2% e 19,0%, respectivamente. O parasitoide D. areolatus esteve presente em maior quantidade em todas as especies de frutos, exceto em goiaba. D. longicaudata tambem foi detectado em todos os frutos coletados. Pitanga foi a fruteira de onde emergiu maior numero de parasitoides (1.512 em 4.239 frutos coletados). A. pelleranoi foi o parasitoide predominante em goiaba.

Avaliação das liberações inoculativas do parasitóide exótico Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) em pomar diversificado em Conceição do Almeida, BA

The introduction of exotic species aiming at the biological control of established pests rises concern on its efficiency and also on its impact on native species. Pre-release evaluation of the parasitoid complex is important because the releases initiate a continuous and irreversible colonization process. Surveys of native fruit fly parasitoids were conducted in the region of the Reconcavo Baiano, in Conceicao do Almeida, BA, Brazil. Surveys were undertaken before and after the release of the exotic braconid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead). Pre-release survey showed that the following species were present in the study area: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius spp., Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck) and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brethes). Following D. longicaudata releases, the same species were obtained. Despite of interspecific competition for oviposition sites, no biodiversity losses were observed. Notwithstanding, an alteration in the relative frequencies of native species was observed. The exotic parasitoid was recovered from infested fruits of carambola, guava and Spondia sp. 17 months after the releases ceased. Nevertheless, in 2004 and 2005, no individuals of D. longicaudata were recovered from infested fruit samples collected in the same locality of release.

Diapause in fruit fly parasitoids in the Recôncavo Baiano, Brazil

Diapause has been poorly investigated in tephritid fruit flies and in associated parasitoids in tropical regions. In this work, diapause in larval-pupal parasitoids of fruit flies is reported for the region of the Reconcavo Baiano, Brazil. Diapause was recorded for individuals of four native species [Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brethes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae)] and of one exotic braconid [Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead]. Diapausing parasitoids were obtained from fruit fly puparia in fruits collected between November 1998 and April 2000. In all, 1.4% of individuals underwent diapause, being D. areolatus the most frequent. The development time for this species ranged from 82 to 414 days. In puparia obtained from guava and hog plum, only D. areolatus and A. pelleranoi went through diapause. In guava, total development time for A. pelleranoi varied from 222 to 263 days and for D. areolatus from 82 to 170 days. In hog plum, D. areolatus emerged after a period of 157 to 327 days. Brazilian cherry was the species with highest number of diapausing parasitoid species, being D. areolatus the most abundant and emerging at 82-414 days after fruit collection. U. anastrephae (277 days), Opius sp. (243 days), D. longicaudata (294 days) and A. pelleranoi (270 and 305 days) were also observed. In carambola, D. areolatus adults emerged 150 and 190 days after fruit collection and D. longicaudata between 164 and 216 days. In water apple D. areolatus emerged between 181 and 314 days and 269 days in mango.

Dados biológicos de Anastrepha obliqua Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae) em manga

The biology of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart in mango Mangifera indica cv. Carlota, was investigated in the laboratory. Data showed that females layed, in average, 137 eggs. Maximum oviposition period lasted from 15-25 days. The average incubation period ranged from 54-72 h. Males and females had an average longevity of 100 and 105 days, respectively.

CONTROLE BIOLÓGICO DA MOSCA-DO-MEDITERRÂNEO Ceratitis capitata UTILIZANDO NEMATOIDES ENTOMOPATOGÊNICOS EM LABORATÓRIO

The present study investigated under laboratory conditions the use of entomopathogenic nematodes strains separately or in combinations, as biological control agent of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. (Diptera, Tephritidae). In the first bioassay, eight strains were used separately (Steinernema carpocapsae NCALL, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88, H. baujardi LPP7, H. indica LPP1, H. indica LPP14, H. sp. LPP9, H. sp. LPP17 e H. sp. LPP12). For each treatment, 20 test tubes with sand, 10 larvae of C. capitata and 100 infective juveniles (IJs) diluted in 1 cm 3 of distilled water were used. In the treatment control only 1 cm 3 of distilled water was added. In the second bioassay it was used the same material; however, the number of C. capitata larvae was reduced to five and strains of nematodes combined in pairs, in a total of 100 IJs per replicate (50 individuals of each strain). All treatments were stored in an incubator for 15 days (28 oC, 80% RU and 12 h photoperiod). The average mortality of larvae L3 was evaluated by Tukey test at 1%. The strains H. baujardi LPP7, H. indica LPP14, H. sp. LPP17 and H. sp. LPP12 were the most efficient ones, reaching mortalities range between 75 and 98.5%. In the second experiment, the most effective combinations were H. indica LPP14 + H. sp. LPP9 and H. sp. LPP17 + H. sp. LPP12 with mortality of 60 and 82%, respectively. We concluded that the use of NEPs in the biological control of C. capitata is a feasible alternative either using species separated or in combination, but the first one may reach higher mortality. Key-words: mortality; juveniles; pairs; biocontrole; Tephritidae