Ronald J. Leprohon

The Personnel of the Middle Kingdom Funerary Stelae

made to fit into the main family group, and whose exact relationship with the family group is difficult to establish. When these names are accompanied by titles, however, it will be found that a relationship between the two groups can in fact be established, and that this relationship is often one between working colleagues.1 This thesis can be demonstrated through an investigation of Simpsons ANOC group no. 1, the various stelae belonging to the families and acquaintances of the Overseer of Treasure Iykhernofret and of the Chamberlain Sasetyt.2 The reason for examining an ANOC group as opposed to individual stelae is obvious: only with such a group of stelae can whole families, including the extended families, be collected, and only thus are we able to differentiate properly between family and non-family members among the various names.3 The reasons for investigating this particular group ANOC 1 are twofold: not only does the group comprise the largest number of inscribed objects connected with one chapel,4 but in addition we possess a biographical text for the main individual of ANOC 1, stela Berlin 1204 where the Overseer of Treasure

The Sixth Dynasty False Door of the Priestess of Hathor Irti

The false door shown on figs. 1 and 2 was purchased from Sothebys, London, by Mr. Robert McCorkell, a private collector from Ottawa, Ontario.2 The surface is in fair condition, although it is heavily pitted in some areas. The piece measures 48.2 cm by 62.8 cm. The false door is framed by two protruding torus mouldings on either side, with the expected recessed bordering frame outside the torus moulding. There is also a protruding moulding above the central niche and the two inner jambs, below the lintel, framing the latter. The inner jambs are recessed, and the central niche is devoid of text, as is the drum. Both the text and the figures are done in sunk relief. Incised lines, somewhat thinner and shallower on the right side outer jambs, serve as dividing lines between the various columns of text. The piece was cut away from the wall above the lintel, below the panel. The two figures at the bottom of the columns of text on the outer jambs face inward, toward the central niche, as if the owner were getting ready to enter into the doorway. These figures also serve as determinatives to the various in-

The Royal Titulary in the 18th Dynasty: Change and Continuity

The phraseology used to compose the royal titularies during the Eighteenth Dynasty was as varied as it was circumscribed. Following a long-established tradition, the Eighteenth Dynasty kings chose names that corresponded to the situation they inherited at their accession. When the rulers of the family that re-united Egypt drew up their titulary, they first looked to celebrated predecessors for inspiration to compose their royal titulary. Later pharaohs looked more closely in time to their immediate predecessors. The titulary also reveals much about the concept of kingship during the period. From belligerent phrases to wishes for prosperity and longevity, the kings revealed much about themselves and their personalities through their chosen titulary.

The Offering Formula in the First Intermediate Period

Following Gardiners analysis of the ḥtp dì nsw formula, two different translations of the opening phrase of the formula have been customary: using parallel clauses to introduce the king and god(s) for Old Kingdom texts, and using a dative construction to introduce the god(s) for texts of Middle Kingdom date and later. However, the palaeographic variation in the writing of the word ‘Anubis’ by the late Old Kingdom—a change-over from the jackal over a ḥtp-sign to a jackal on a stand—suggests that the transformation of the formula had already occurred by that time.