Ronald K. S. Macaulay

You're Like 'Why Not?' The Quotative Expressions of Glasgow Adolescents.

The sociolinguistic study of discourse features is still at a very elementary stage, so there is very little evidence available on which to trace changes in the use of such features. One feature that has received attention is the use of non-traditional quotatives in the U.S., particularly by younger speakers, in the past twenty years. The use of be like as a quotative has spread from its presumed origin in California to other parts of the U.S. and also to Canada and England. This paper examines the further spread of non-traditional quotatives to the speech of adolescents in Glasgow and how these forms might have been transmitted.

Locating Dialect in Discourse: The Language of Honest Men and Bonnie Lassies in Ayr

The most extensive study of a Scottish dialect ever made, this work combines dialectology and sociolinguistics to present social differences within the compass of a single dialect. While most dialect and sociolinguistic studies concentrate on a narrow range of variables, this study examines phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and discourse features, and examines social differences in the use of these features. Macaulay treats the interviews as speech events, demonstrating how such factors as topic, genre, and the interview situation itself affect the quality of the language recorded. The variety of speech recorded in the interviews he has conducted refutes any claim that good data cannot be obtained through dyadic interviews.

Extremely interesting, very interesting, or only quite interesting? Adverbs and social class

An earlier study, based on interviews with a socially stratified sample showed a difference in the use of adverbs, with the middle-class speakers using derived adverbs in -ly more than twice as frequently as the working-class speakers. An examination of interactions in peer-group same-sex dyads shows a similar socially stratified pattern in both adults and adolescents. There are similar differences in the use of some other adverbs and certain adjectives. The consistency of the results suggests that there is a stable difference in speech styles between the two social classes and that this difference reflects a different attitude on the part of the speakers to their audience.

Pure grammaticalization: The development of a teenage intensifier

For the past fifty years, sociolinguistic studies of linguistic change have focused mainly on phonological variables, but recently some attention has been paid to other features, particularly discourse features used by younger speakers that may change within a relatively brief period. This article deals with the appearance of an unusual intensifier “ pure ” in the speech of adolescents in Glasgow, Scotland. This usage suggests that the Glasgow working-class adolescents have developed a set of norms for their speech community that owes little to adult or outside influence. Grammaticalization is a process that is normally investigated on the basis of historical documents but recent developments in methodology provide an opportunity to explore changes in progress. Intensifiers have historically been unstable and there is evidence that teenagers have recently been developing their own preferences for such items. The range of uses that the Glasgow adolescents have developed for pure suggests a process of grammaticalization that may still be in progress. The project in which the recordings were made was supported by ESRC grant no. R000239757. I am deeply indebted to Jane Stuart-Smith for providing the transcripts and allowing me to make use of them for this article. The sessions were arranged and conducted by the research assistant on the project, Claire Timmins. It is clear from the transcripts that part of the success of the project was the result of her good rapport with the adolescents. There are many joking references to her in the sessions, although the adolescents knew that she would hear these remarks. All the names in the transcripts have been replaced with pseudonyms. I am grateful for helpful comments on an earlier version of this paper from Elizabeth Traugott, Lee Munroe, and the anonymous reviewers for LVC .

Warm Climates and Sonority Classes Not Simply More Vowels and Fewer Consonants

Previous research has shown that speakers in warm-climate languages make use of relatively more vowels, and speakers in cold-climate languages relatively more consonants. The high sonority (audibility) of the vowel, and its adaptive value under certain conditions, have been invoked to account for its greater frequency in warmer climates. We show here, however, that the above generalization is over-broad, and that sound classes vary across climate zones in complex ways. One new finding is that speakers in warm-climate languages make more use of the so-called “sonorant” consonants, that is, consonants with some of the qualities of vowels. We offer a provisional framework that continues to find value in the concept of sonority and its relation to climate, but attempts to incorporate the new results and provide a more comprehensive explanation.

Negative Prestige, Linguistic Insecurity, and Linguistic Self-Hatred.

Abstract The problem of investigating linguistic attitudes in urban speech communities is considered in connection with three studies, in New York, in Quebec, and in Glasgow, each of which employed a different approach. In each case, the methodological problems raise questions regarding the reliability of the conclusions and suggest that a more systematic approach to the study of linguistic attitudes is needed.

Social class and language in Glasgow

A number of studies have shown regular correlation between linguistic variation and social-class differences. Definition and identification of social class in a particular situation, however, still presents problems. The problems are discussed with reference to a study in Glasgow where occupation was used as the sole criterion for social-class membership.

Standards and Variation in Urban Speech

Standards and Variation in Urban Speech is an examination and exploration of the aims and methods of sociolinguistic investigation, based on studies of Scottish urban speech. It criticially examines the implications of the notions ‘vernacular’, ‘standard language’, ‘Received Pronunciation’, ‘social class’, and ‘linguistic insecurity’. Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods using examples from comedians’ jokes, dialect poetry, formal and informal interviews, and personal narratives, the work illustrates the actual norms that speakers exemplify in various ways.

Language and Scottish Literature

This practical introduction to ways of using theories of language to explore different aspects of Scottish literature includes material on:varieties of Scots and Scottish English; linguistic approaches to literary studies; the grammar of texts; vocabulary; metaphor; poetic metre; language in use; point of view; narrative; stereotypes of the Scots; discourse; and reading older Scottish texts. Extensive examples demonstrate the application of the theories, from poems and ballads to a football report, and from short stories to extracts from film scripts and plays.

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