Ronald L. Braithwaite

Community Organization and Development for Health Promotion within an Urban Black Community: A Conceptual Model

The community organization and development process is not new and has its roots in social action ideology from the 1960s. The difference between the 1960s and the 1990s is in bringing together of target community consumers with representatives of private and public sector resources (with consumers in the majority), to form a community coalition board. This community coalition board must make policy decisions. Combining these community organizers and development techniques with the mission of health promotion is a viable methodology for addressing the needs of medically underserved and unserved communities. The approach is a multifactorial one, as illustrated in Figure 1. The Health Promotion Resource Center at Morehouse School of Medicine seeks to combine the ideology of community organization and development with culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate health promotion curriculum materials and intervention strategies. Within the HPRC lies the Statewide Coordinating Center for Georgia which has been funded by the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Its mandate is to assist minority and poor communities in Georgia in developing community-based health promotion initiatives which address the areas of cancer, cardiovascular disease, adolescent pregnancy, substance abuse, and violence and unintentional injury. Our strategy in carrying out this mandate is the community organization and development model described in this article.

The Effectiveness of a Peer-Led HIV/AIDS and STI Health Education Intervention for Prison Inmates in South Africa

This article reports on the effectiveness of the first systematically developed health education intervention for the reduction of risky sexual behavior among soon-to-be-released prisoners in South Africa. Data from three out of four prisons are eligible for data analysis including 263 inmates. Using a nested experimental design, short-term evaluation while inmates were still in prison demonstrate that experimental groups showed higher knowledge of sexually transmitted infections and had a more positive intention to reduce risky behavior than the control group in two out of three prisons. Long-term assessment 3 to 6 months after release from prison indicates that experimental groups were more positive about sexual communication, self-efficacy, and intention. Groups educated by an HIV-negative educator perform marginally better than those in groups with an HIV-positive peer educator. It is argued that peer-led health education programs may be effective in reducing risky behavior amongst soon-to-be-released inmates.

Special Education Certification/Recertification For Regular Educators:

This article reports on a recent national study of the nature and extent of special education certification and recertification requirements for regular education teachers. State directors of teacher education and certification were asked to respond to questions related to teacher certification and recertification requirements, the means by which these requirements are met, and factors that might have led to changes in these requirements. Results indicated that in the last 10 years there has been a dramatic change in state special education coursework requirements for the certification of regular education teachers. The subtleties and implications of these results, as they relate to both special and regular education, are explored.

Pathways to Sexual Risk Taking Among Female Adolescent Detainees

Sexual risk taking among female delinquents represents a significant public health problem. Research is needed to understand the pathways leading to sexual risk taking among this population. This study sought to address this issue by identifying and testing two pathways from child maltreatment to non-condom use among 329 White and 484 African American female adolescent detainees: a relational pathway and a substance use coping pathway. The relational pathway indicated that child maltreatment would be related to non-condom use via depressive self-concept and condom use self-efficacy. The substance use coping pathway suggested that depressive self-concept and alcohol-based expectancies for sexual enhancement would mediate the relationship between child maltreatment and non-condom use. As hypothesized, the relational pathway variables were associated with one another in the expected directions; however, evidence of mediation was not found. Support for mediation was found for the substance use coping pathway. Exploratory across group comparison analysis indicated that the relational pathway was significant for White girls whereas the substance use coping pathway was significant for African American girls. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.

Promoting college aspirations among school-age black American males

In 2003, Howard surveyed African Americans with emphasis on academic identities and college aspirations. This investigator interviewed African-American students at two urban high schools to gain insight relative to their college ambitions, educational capabilities, and academic identities. According to the students interviewed one specific area that affected their academic identity and college aspirations was perceived racism and discrimination, including counselors’ and teachers’ perception of their intelligence, unfair placement in special needs courses, and teachers’ attitude and behavior toward students (Howard, 2003).

Community-based participatory evaluation: the healthy start approach.

The use of community-based participatory research has gained momentum as a viable approach to academic and community engagement for research over the past 20 years. This article discusses an approach for extending the process with an emphasis on evaluation of a community partnership–driven initiative and thus advances the concept of conducting community-based participatory evaluation (CBPE) through a model used by the Healthy Start project of the Augusta Partnership for Children, Inc., in Augusta, Georgia. Application of the CBPE approach advances the importance of bilateral engagements with consumers and academic evaluators. The CBPE model shows promise as a reliable and credible evaluation approach for community-level assessment of health promotion programs.

Academic potential among African American adolescents in juvenile detention centers: Implications for reentry to school

The study explores Black adolescent detainees academic potential and motivation to return to school, to inform best practices and policies for juvenile reentry to educational settings. Adolescent detainees (N = 1,576) who were recruited from 1 male and 1 female youth detention facility, responded to surveys that assessed postdetention educational plans, as well as social and emotional characteristics, and criminal history. Multivariate analysis techniques were used to compare factors across race and gender, and plot linear relationships between key indicators of academic potential with associate factors. Findings revealed that youth were more likely to evince academic potential when they had a healthy level of self-esteem, adequate future goal orientation, positive mood, family and community involvement, fewer traumatic events, and less delinquent activity.

Predictors of Prior Incarceration and Alcohol Use Among Soon-to-Be-Released Adult Male Inmates

In the present article, the authors analyze demographic predictors of prior incarceration and self-reported alcohol use among soon-to-be-released adult male inmates. Baseline-level data were collected after a pool of eligible participants was selected. Adjusted odds ratios were computed in concert with their beta coefficients and corresponding values of significance to estimate the strength of the association between selected demographic variables and the outcomes of prior incarceration and alcohol use. Age was observed to be significantly associated with predicting prior incarceration. Age was important but was not significant in the regression analysis (Wald c2 = 3.63, p < .056).

Providing HIV services for incarcerated and ex-offender populations: perspectives of frontline staff.

Public health departments, correctional institutions, and community-based organizations (CBOs) are increasingly working together to improve and support the health of inmates returning to the community, especially those with HIV. CBOs, and particularly the staff of CBOs, are key in providing HIV services to transitioning inmates; however, little data are available to characterize these staff. The purpose of this qualitative assessment is to describe the experiences and motivations of frontline staff involved in HIV-related service delivery to inmates and ex-offenders participating in the CDC/HRSA Corrections Demonstration Project. Eight focus groups with a total of 64 participants were held during a National CBO Meeting with frontline staff. Content analysis focused on staff experiences, motivations, and definitions of client success. Staff draw on personal, educational, and professional experiences to do their jobs, and they are motivated by a desire to help clients. Individuals in social work with similar experiences may find a unique niche working with this population. In fact, individuals with a heightened sensitivity for inmates and ex-offenders may consider the fields of social work, nursing, counseling, community psychology, or public health to enhance their training and better serve this population. Additional findings emphasize the importance of acknowledging the small steps along the continuum of client success.

HIV/AIDS, STIs and condom use beliefs among male prison inmates in two South African provinces: Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal

Abstract The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of a random sample of prison inmates from two provinces in South Africa with respect to correct knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and sexual transmitted infection (STI) risk and beliefs about condom use. This cross-sectional descriptive study of 357 prison inmates formed part of a larger longitudinal investigation designed to implement a health education intervention for prison inmates in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Mpumalanga (MP) provinces of South Africa. Mean differences for groups were compared across sites using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Inmates from KZN were less likely to agree that ‘It is important to use condoms every time you have sex’ F (1355) = 25.8, p<0.0001 when compared with inmates in MP. However, they were more likely to agree that ‘Condoms work well to prevent the spread of HIV’ F (1355) = 11.7, p<0.001; ‘Condoms also prevent pregnancy’ F (1355) = 5.1, p<0.05. Overall, the demonstrated differences in condom use behaviour suggested that future prevention efforts focus on the importance of using condoms to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STIs.