Ronald N. Bond

The additive nature of chronic and temporary sources of construct accessibility.

An electrochemical cell with a porous electrode is constructed with a shallow electrolyte bed and a small gap between electrodes to provide a decreased tendency to flood the porous electrode. The cell is useful in electrochemical conversions, particularly electrofluorination.

Vocal cues to deception: a comparative channel approach.

The study investigated the leakage potential of different voice and speech cues using a cue isolation and masking design. Speech samples taken from an earlier experiment were used in which 15 female students of nursing dissimulated negative affect produced by an unpleasant movie or told the truth about positive affect following a pleasant movie. Several groups of judges rated these speech samples in five conditions: (1) forward or clear, (2) electronic filtering, (3) random splicing, (4) backwards, (5) pitch inversion, (6) tone-silence sequences. The results show that vocal cues do indeed carry leakage information and that, as reflected in the differences among the conditions masking different types of cues respectively, voice quality cues may be centrally implicated. In addition, gender differences in decoding ability are discussed.

Toward Greater Understanding of Depression in Deaf Individuals

We compared the prevalence of depressive symptoms among deaf and hearing college students and examined the relationships among depressive symptoms, personality characteristics, and perceived parental attitudes and behaviors in these two groups. Measures were revised to meet the language needs of the deaf subjects. Mild levels of depressive symptoms were more prevalent in the deaf than in the hearing students, but more severe depression was not. In both groups, depressive symptoms were associated with perceptions of lower maternal care and higher maternal over-protection. Deaf and hearing subjects did not differ on these perceived maternal characteristics. Depressive symptoms were associated with socially dependent personality characteristics in the hearing sample only. We discuss the implications of the findings for the role of personality development in depression in deaf individuals.

An automated system for the analyses of temporal speech patterns: Description of the hardware and software

A system (WELMAR II) is described for analyzing time patterns of speech on small computers. Temporal speech patterning refers to the pacing of the sounds and silences that make up a stream of speech. The system is particularly useful for research involving clinical populations since it has been shown that speech rhythms are sensitive to interpersonal influence, to dimensions of personality, and to psychological pathology.

Conversational time patterns of Japanese-American adults and children in same and mixed-gender dyads.

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the influence of age and gender on conversational time patterns of Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii. In addition, the study examined the influence of the gender composition of the conversational dyads (male-male, female-female, male-female) on the conversational behaviour of the participants. Adults and children engaged in a 20-minute conversation with a partner of the same age and of the same or opposite gender. The results indicate that there were few gender differences among the children, but that adult males were more active vocally than adult females. Also, the adults tended to achieve congruence on a larger number of the conversational parameters than the children and did so in same-and mixed-gender dyads. Finally, the results for dyad gender suggest that the adult females tended to exhibit different vocal styles in same-and mixed-gender dyads, such that their conversational patterns in mixed-gender dyads were similar to those of the male adults in same-gender dyads.

Absolute judgments of speech rate as a function of vocal frequency and intensity

Previous studies have found that vocal frequency and intensity both influence the perception of speech rate when a standard, or “anchoring,” stimulus preceded each experimental stimulus. The two studies reported here replicated the previous studies but omitted the anchoring stimulus. In one study, 30 judges rated nine “content‐masked” speech stimuli generated from a 20‐second female speech sample by factorially combining three levels each of manipulated frequency and intensity. In the other study, 29 judges rated 18 content‐standard stimuli generated from two 20‐s speech samples, one from a woman and one from a man. The actual rate of each stimulus was 150 wpm. With the masked stimuli, frequency and intensity separately influenced the perception of speech rate. With content‐standard stimuli, frequency and intensity jointly affected speech‐rate perception. Moreover, the joint influence was affected by the gender of the speaker; stimuli from the male speaker were judged to be faster. The studies suggest tha...

The influence of vocal frequency and intensity on the perception of speech rate: Natural speech samples as stimuli

Previous studies by the authors found, using masked speech samples, that the perception of speech rate was influenced by both vocal frequency and intensity. The study reported here replicated the previous one but used unmasked, or natural, speech stimuli and examined the effects of speaker gender. Using one speech sample each from a male and female speaker, three levels of frequency and intensity were factorially combined to produce nine stimuli for each speaker. The actual speech rate of each stimulus was 150 wpm The 18 stimuli were randomly ordered with each preceded by a standard stimulus. Twenty‐nine judges rated each stimulus, relative to the standard, on four 7‐point, unipolar scales: speech rate, pitch, loudness, and duration. The results indicate that the perceptions of speech rate were positively related to frequency but not intensity. Judgments of pitch and loudness were positively related to frequency and intensity, respectively, and judgments of duration were inversely related to frequency. Fi...

Some acoustical correlates of speech‐rate perception

A previous study by the authors found that vocal frequency and intensity both influenced the perception of speech rate, and proposed three alternative explanations of the results. They argued that the findings were a function of: a methodological limitation; the exception that if one speech characteristic changes, the others change in a similar direction; or experience with producing and hearing covariation among pitch, loudness, and speech rate in ordinary speech. The present study tested the hypothesis that such covariation does occur in the perception of speech, and assessed the plausibility of the three explanations. Three levels of frequency and intensity were factorially varied within each of three different speech rates, using a 20‐s speech segment played backwards to produce the stimuli. Each stimulus was compared with a standard stimulus in terms of four scales—perceived speech rate, pitch, loudness, and duration—by 21 males and 40 females. ANOVAs indicated that frequency and intensity positively...