Rosa María Ortega Anta

Ingesta de calcio y vitamina D en una muestra representativa de mujeres españolas: problemática específica en menopausia

BACKGROUND The accelerated bone demineralization that occurs during the menopause is very conditioned by the intake of calcium and vitamin D, therefore, the aim of the study is examine the adequacy of the diet regarding these nutrients in a menopausal women group. METHODS A representative sample of the Spanish woman population with ages ranging from 17 to 60 years (n = 547), selected from 10 provinces was studied. The group of 108 menopausal women (45-60 years) is given priority attention. The dietary study was performed using a 3-day diet record. Weight and height were measured and then body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULTS Calcium intake (992.1 ± 340.7 mg/day) was lower than the recommended intakes (RI) in 79.6% of the menopausal women (MW) (lower than 67% of the RI in the 30.6%). Vitamin D intake (3.08 ± 3.6 μg/day) was even more unfavorable, since the contribution was 61.1% of the RI in MW, an 85.2% of them do not meet the RI and a 75.9% do not meet the 67% of the RI. A 72.6% of the studied women (68.5% of MW) do not meet the RI for calcium neither for vitamin D, while only the 4.0% of them meet the RI for both nutrients (3.7 of MW). Using a logistic regression analysis to examine the dietary modification that may be favorable to meet the RI for calcium and vitamin D simultaneously, having into account the influence of age and BMI, it is observed that the main factor is the consumption of dairy products [OR = 0.188 (0.108-0.327; p < 0.001)] and the same influence is observed when only menopausal women are analyzed [OR= 0.252 (0.067-0.946; p < 0.05)]. It is observed a decreased of BMI when the density of diet in calcium (r = -0.10) and in the vitamin D (r = -0.099) is increased, which suggested a possible role of these nutrients in weight control. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of the studied women have intakes of calcium and vitamin D lower than the recommended intakes and given that only a 3.7% of the menopausal women have adequate intakes for both nutrients, it is necessary to adopt urgent measures aimed to protect the bone health of the Spanish female population.

Chinchón declaration; decalogue on low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS)

Multidisciplinary experts in the areas of nutrition and health met in Chinchón, Madrid, on November 25-26, 2013 under the auspices of the Fundación para la Investigación Nutricional (Nutrition Research Foundation) and with the collaboration of the Madrid Regional Governments Health Ministry, the International Sweeteners Association and the Carlos III Health Institute CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition. They analyzed the current status of scientific knowledge on low- and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCS) and developed a consensus Decalogue on their use; this constitutes the Chinchón Declaration. Sweeteners, including sugar, represent a subject of undeniable interest and are currently a popular topic, although areas relating to their safety and benefits remain unknown to segments of academia and the general public. The nature of LNCS makes them vulnerable to biased and even contradictory information. They are food additives that are broadly used as sugar substitutes to sweeten foods, medicines and food supplements when non-nutritional or non-caloric alternatives are needed. The Chinchón Decalogue is the outcome of a meeting for reflection and consensus by a group of experts with backgrounds in different scientific disciplines (toxicology, clinical nutrition, community nutrition, physiology, food science, public health, pediatrics, endocrinology and nutrition, nursing, pharmaceutical care and food legislation). The Decalogue includes different aspects of LNCS related to regulation, use, benefits and safety. In general, benefits of LNCS have been traditionally neglected in comparison with the tendency for emphasising unexisting or unproven possible risks. The need to strengthen research on LNCS in Spain was emphasized, as well as the need to educate both professionals and the public.

Factores sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida implicados en el exceso de peso

Objetivos: ante el aumento creciente del sobrepeso y de la obesidad es importante prestar atencion a todas las influencias sociodemograficas y de estilo de vida que contribuyen a desequilibrar el balance energetico y que favorecen esta tendencia. Metodos: busqueda bibliografica relacionada con el tema. Resultados: como factores asociados al padecimiento de obesidad, se constata el creciente sedentarismo, la escasa actividad fisica, el ocio pasivo, el elevado numero de horas delante de pantallas (television, ordenador…) y la reduccion del tiempo dedicado a dormir. Por otra parte, el bajo nivel de ingresos y el bajo nivel educativo favorecen el exceso de peso, y existe una asociacion adicional entre estos factores sociodemograficos y el incumplimiento de las guias de alimentacion con el alejamiento de la dieta respecto a lo marcado como aconsejable. En concreto, un elevado tiempo ante una pantalla y una corta duracion del sueno se asocian con una mayor frecuencia del consumo de alimentos con alta densidad energetica y pobres en micronutrientes y con bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales. En este sentido, en varones y ajustando por edad, se observa que un consumo insuficiente de cereales (< 4 raciones/dia) y de frutas y verduras (< 5 raciones/dia) se asocia con mayor riesgo de sobrepeso y de adiposidad central. Destaca la peor adherencia a las pautas dieteticas aconsejadas en individuos con exceso de peso y adiposidad central. Conclusiones: las estrategias para prevenir y reducir el exceso de peso deben tener en cuenta estas influencias, que se asocian y potencian, para lograr mas eficacia en la mejora ponderal de la poblacion.OBJECTIVES given the growing increase in overweight and obesity, it is important to pay attention to all sociodemographic and lifestyle influences that contribute to unbalance the energy balance, favoring this trend. METHODS bibliographic searching in relation to the subject. RESULTS as factors associated with the obesity condition, it is observed that sedentary lifestyle, scarce physical activity, passive leisure and a high number of hours in front of screens (TV, computer...) and reduction in the time spent sleeping. Moreover, low level of income and low educational level, favor excess weight, there being an additional association between these sociodemographic factors with non-compliance with the Dietary Guidelines and the gap of the diet from to what is marked as advisable. Particularly, spent a lot of time in front of a screen and a short duration of sleep are associated with more frequent consumption of foods with high energy density and few micronutrients and low consumption of fruits and vegetables. Specifically, in men and adjusting for age, it is observed that an insufficient intake of cereals (< 4 servings / day) and fruits and vegetables (< 5 servings / day) is associated with greater risk of overweight and of central adiposity, being remarkable the worst adherence to recommended dietary guidelines in individuals with excess weight and central adiposity. CONCLUSIONS strategies to prevent and reduce excess weight should consider these influences, which are associated and potentiated, in order to achieve more efficiency in the weight improvement of the population.

Deficiencias subclínicas asociadas al padecimiento de síndrome metabólico

El sindrome metabolico es el nombre que se da a un conjunto de factores de riesgo que aumenta el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y otros problemas de salud, como diabetes y accidente cerebrovascular. Existen diferentes puntos de corte para establecer la definicion de sindrome metabolico segun diversos organismos internacionales, si bien en todas las definiciones se consideran cuatro pilares basicos: 1) obesidad; 2) alteracion del metabolismo de la glucosa; 3) alteracion del metabolismo de los lipidos; e 4) hipertension arterial. Las estrategias para el tratamiento del sindrome metabolico incluyen cambios en el estilo de vida (dieta y actividad fisica) junto con tratamiento farmacologico en determinados casos. Se tiene poca evidencia sobre el efecto de diferentes micronutrientes en dicho sindrome, aunque existen multiples investigaciones en esta linea.Metabolic syndrome is the name given to a set of risk factors that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke. There are different cut-off points to establish the definition of metabolic syndrome according to various international organizations, although in all definitions are considered four main data related to: 1) obesity; 2) alteration of glucose metabolism; 3) alteration of lipid metabolism; and 4) hypertension. Strategies for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome include changes in lifestyle (diet and physical activity), along with pharmacological treatment in certain cases. There is little evidence of the effect of different micronutrients in this syndrome, although there are many investigations in this line.

El huevo como fuente de antioxidantes y componentes protectores frente a procesos crónicos

El huevo es un alimento muy valioso desde el punto de vista nutricional, ya que contiene casi todos los nutrientes esenciales para el hombre. Ademas, puede considerarse como un alimento funcional debido a los numerosos compuestos bioactivos con los que cuenta, con importantes efectos beneficiosos para la salud. Aunque algunos de ellos son bastante conocidos y existen diversas investigaciones al respecto, como el papel de la luteina y el de la zeaxantina en la salud ocular, otros, como los peptidos bioactivos o los fosfolipidos, lo son menos, y no por ello son menos importantes, ya que los estudios llevados a cabo hasta el momento senalan que podrian tener un papel muy importante en la prevencion y el desarrollo de algunas enfermedades cronicas, como la hipertension, la obesidad o el sindrome metabolico, entre otras. La inclusion del huevo en la dieta es necesaria no solo desde el punto de vista nutricional, sino tambien sanitario.Egg is a very nutritious food since it contains almost all the essential nutrients for humans. In addition, it can be considered as a functional food due to the numerous bioactive compounds it contains, with important beneficial effects on health. Although some of them are well known and there are many researches about them, such as the role of lutein and zeaxanthin in ocular health, others such as egg-derived bioactive peptides or phospholipids are less known, and for this reason they are not less important, since the studies carried out until now point out that those could have a very important role in the prevention and development of some chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesity or metabolic syndrome, among others. The inclusion of the egg in the diet is necessary not only from the nutritional point of view but also sanitary.

Pautas nutricionales en prevención y control de la hipertensión arterial

Objectives: Hypertension is a common health problem and with severe health impacts, underdiagnosed and modulated by dietary habits, lifestyle and intake of several nutrients, so analyze the latest data on the involvement of nutrition in preventing and control of hypertension is the subject of this review. Methods: Literature search regarding the topic. Results: Although the best known and followed patterns are the restriction in sodium intake, weight control, and moderation in alcohol consumption; improving diet (increasing consumption of cereals, vegetables, fruits...) and physical activity seem to have a major impact on the control of blood pressure, also consume less saturated fat (with increased MUFA and omega-3), adequate intake of calcium, magnesium, protein, vitamin D and fiber and improving the antioxidant capacity of the diet can have great importance in fighting the problem of hypertension. Given that the average Spanish diet does not meet the advised requirements for many of the nutrients mentioned as favorable in control of the blood pressure, an approximation of the diet to the theoretical ideal can be very helpful in the fight against this problem that has great health impact. Conclusions: Improving feeding, increasing the intake of vegetables, legumes, whole grains, dairy, fish, avoiding an inadequate supply of nutrients (especially calcium, magnesium, protein, and vitamin D) can have a greater benefit in controlling blood pressure, than most widespread monitoring restrictive guidelines in practice.

Calcium and vitamin D intakes in a representative sample of spanish women: particular problem in menopause

BACKGROUND The accelerated bone demineralization that occurs during the menopause is very conditioned by the intake of calcium and vitamin D, therefore, the aim of the study is examine the adequacy of the diet regarding these nutrients in a menopausal women group. METHODS A representative sample of the Spanish woman population with ages ranging from 17 to 60 years (n = 547), selected from 10 provinces was studied. The group of 108 menopausal women (45-60 years) is given priority attention. The dietary study was performed using a 3-day diet record. Weight and height were measured and then body mass index (BMI) was calculated. RESULTS Calcium intake (992.1 ± 340.7 mg/day) was lower than the recommended intakes (RI) in 79.6% of the menopausal women (MW) (lower than 67% of the RI in the 30.6%). Vitamin D intake (3.08 ± 3.6 μg/day) was even more unfavorable, since the contribution was 61.1% of the RI in MW, an 85.2% of them do not meet the RI and a 75.9% do not meet the 67% of the RI. A 72.6% of the studied women (68.5% of MW) do not meet the RI for calcium neither for vitamin D, while only the 4.0% of them meet the RI for both nutrients (3.7 of MW). Using a logistic regression analysis to examine the dietary modification that may be favorable to meet the RI for calcium and vitamin D simultaneously, having into account the influence of age and BMI, it is observed that the main factor is the consumption of dairy products [OR = 0.188 (0.108-0.327; p < 0.001)] and the same influence is observed when only menopausal women are analyzed [OR= 0.252 (0.067-0.946; p < 0.05)]. It is observed a decreased of BMI when the density of diet in calcium (r = -0.10) and in the vitamin D (r = -0.099) is increased, which suggested a possible role of these nutrients in weight control. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of the studied women have intakes of calcium and vitamin D lower than the recommended intakes and given that only a 3.7% of the menopausal women have adequate intakes for both nutrients, it is necessary to adopt urgent measures aimed to protect the bone health of the Spanish female population.