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American Psychologist | 2001

Women, men, work, and family. An expansionist theory.

Rosalind C. Barnett; Janet Shibley Hyde

The lives of women and men, the relationships that they establish, and their work have changed dramatically in the past 50 years, but the dominant theories driving research in these areas have not. In this article, the authors argue that the facts underlying the assumptions of the classical theories of gender and multiple roles have changed so radically as to make the theories obsolete. Moreover, a large body of empirical data fails to support the predictions flowing from these theories. Yet the development of new theory for guiding research and clinical practice has not kept pace. The authors attempt to fill this theoretical gap by reviewing the research literature and articulating an expansionist theory of gender, work, and family that includes four empirically derived and empirically testable principles better matched to todays realities.


Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 1985

Women's involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress.

Rosalind C. Barnett; Grace K. Baruch

Womens involvement in multiple roles was examined in relation to three stress indices: role overload, role conflict, and anxiety. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses, effects of number of roles occupied; occupancy of the particular roles of paid worker, wife, and mother; and the quality of a womans experience in her roles were analyzed. Data were from a disproportionate stratified random sample (N = 238) of Caucasian women between 35 and 55 years of age. For the total sample and for employed women, occupancy of the role of mother was related to two stress indices; occupancy of the role of paid worker was related to none. The quality of experience in the work and parental roles was a significant predictor of role overload; quality of parental role experience was a significant predictor of role conflict and of anxiety.


Journal of Marriage and Family | 1987

Determinants of Fathers' Participation in Family Work.

Rosalind C. Barnett; Grace K. Baruch

Determinants of fathers participation in child care and household chores are examined in an interview study of 160 US caucasian middle-class mothers and fathers. This study examines maternal employment status as well as several aspects of mothers work patterns as potential determinants of paternal participation. Several aspects of fathers work patterns are also examined. 4 other parental categories of determinants of paternal participation include: 1) family structure 2) parental sex-role attitudes 3) parental socialization and 4) sociodemographic factors. Results indicate that maternal employment moderates the relationship between particular determinants and particular forms of paternal involvement. The effect of childs age and sex on fathers participation was significant for total interaction time and solo interaction time for the total sample and for fathers with nonemployed wives. In families with elementary-school-aged children fathers absolute participation is highest when the cildren are at the young end of the age range and decreases as the children mature presumably as children grow in independence and allow the father to respond to his preferences rather than to the demands of the family situation. In dual-earner families the mothers attitude toward the male role is also a major predictor of fathers participation. In families with nonemployed wives fathers attitudes toward the quality of fathering they received as youngsters is the most consistent predictor of participation. These findings support earlier research suggesting that fathers tend to compensate for perceived deprivation rather than initiate their fathers patterns.


Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 1993

Gender and the relationship between job experiences and psychological distress : a study of dual-earner couples

Rosalind C. Barnett; Nancy L. Marshall; Stephen W. Raudenbush; Robert T. Brennan

This article examines the association between job role quality and psychological distress in a sample of 300 full-time employed dual-earner couples, controlling for such individual level variables as age, education, occupational prestige, and marital quality and for such couple level variables as length of marriage, parental status, and household income. The magnitude of this effect is compared for men and for women. Results indicate that job role quality is significantly negatively associated with psychological distress for women as well as for men and that the magnitude of the effect depends little, if at all, on gender, casting doubt on the widely held view that job experiences more significantly influence mens mental health states than womens. The results are discussed in the context of differentiating between sex differences and gender differences.


Psychology of Women Quarterly | 2002

LEARNING IN A MAN'S WORLD: EXAMINING THE PERCEPTIONS OF UNDERGRADUATE WOMEN IN MALE-DOMINATED ACADEMIC AREAS

Jennifer R. Steele; Jacquelyn Boone James; Rosalind C. Barnett

This study examined the perceptions of undergraduate women in male-dominated academic areas. First-year and final-year female undergraduates in a male-dominated academic area (i.e., math, science, or engineering) reported higher levels of discrimination and stereotype threat than women in a female-dominated academic area (i.e., arts, education, humanities, or social science), and men in either a male-or female-dominated academic area. Moreover, women in a male-dominated academic area were most likely to report thinking about changing their major. These findings suggest that female college students majoring in math, science, and engineering continue to perceive additional gender-based obstacles in their field.


Journal of Marriage and Family | 1992

Men's Multiple Roles and Their Relationship to Men's Psychological Distress.

Rosalind C. Barnett

There is general agreement that mens subjective experiences in their job role affect their psychological health. Less attention has been paid to the incremental contribution of family role variables. In a random sample of 300 employed, married men in two-earner couples, we estimate the relationship between mens subjective experiences in their work and family roles and their level of psychological distress. We also estimate the moderating effects of marital-role quality, parental status, and parental-role quality on the relationship between job-role quality and distress. After controlling for job-role quality, both marital-role and parental-role quality are signifianct predictors of mens psychological distress. Parental status is not. Both marital-role and parental-role quality moderate the relationship between job-role quality and psychological distress.


Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | 1995

Change in job and marital experiences and change in psychological distress: A longitudinal study of dual-earner couples.

Rosalind C. Barnett; Stephen W. Raudenbush; Robert T. Brennan; Joseph H. Pleck; Nancy L. Marshall

Are changes in job quality more closely linked to changes in distress for men than for women? Conversely, are changes in marital quality more closely linked to changes in distress for women than for men? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal analysis of a random sample of 210 full-time employed dual-earner couples. Change over time in job role quality was significantly associated with change over time in distress, and the magnitude of the relationship differed little, if at all, by gender. In contrast, change over time in marital role quality was also associated with change in distress, but the magnitude of the association depended on gender. Among full-time employed married women, change in marital experience was more closely linked to change in distress than among their husbands.


Journal of Community Psychology | 1993

Work-family strains and gains among two-earner couples

Nancy L. Marshall; Rosalind C. Barnett

This paper investigates the sources of work-family strains and gains in a sample of 300 two-earner couples. Although most men and women report work-family gains, not all individuals experienced work-family strains. Workload and the quality of experiences at work and at home were major predictors of work-family strains. Experiences at work and at home, social support, and sex-role attitudes were major predictors of work-family gains.


Journal of Occupational Health Psychology | 1999

Fit as a mediator of the relationship between work hours and burnout

Rosalind C. Barnett; Karen C. Gareis; Robert T. Brennan

The authors studied number of hours worked and estimated its relationship to burnout in a nonrandom sample of 141 married physicians. It was hypothesized that this relationship is mediated by a process called fit, conceptualized as the extent to which workers realize the various components of their work-family strategies. Results of structural equation modeling supported the mediation hypothesis. Employees whose work hours are more or fewer than they and their partner prefer and whose work hours are distributed differently than they and their partner prefer will be more disengaged, distracted, and alienated at work than will their counterparts who are working their preferred schedules. Thus, the relationship between number of hours worked and burnout depends on the extent to which work schedules meet the needs of the worker, her or his partner, and their children, if any.


Archive | 1991

The Relationship between Women’s Work and Family Roles and Their Subjective Well-Being and Psychological Distress

Rosalind C. Barnett; Nancy L. Marshall

The aim of this chapter is to assess the effects of women’s work and family roles (both the occupancy and quality of these roles) on their mental health.1 Although there is general concern about the impact of multiple roles on women’s mental health, most of the available research examines the impact of individual roles such as that of mother (by itself) or paid employee (by itself). For example, we know that mothers report more symptoms of distress than nonmothers (Barnett & Baruch, 1985; Veroff, Douvan, & Kulka, 1981). Similarly, findings suggest that occupancy of the paid-employee role is associated with high subjective well-being and low psychological distress (Baruch, Biener, & Barnett, 1987; Brown & Harris, 1978; Thoits, 1983).

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Arlene S. Ash

University of Massachusetts Medical School

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