Rosamond McKitterick

Fines Imperii: the Marches

This chapter offers an inverse picture of the Carolingian polity. The brief survey of all the frontier regions of the Carolingian empire reveals some persistent themes in Carolingian frontier policy which transcend the individuality of each peripheral region. In the first place, negotiation combined with a readiness to use force to prosecute Carolingian interests always characterised Frankish strategy. Secondly, the Carolingians participated in the common early medieval diplomatic practices of receiving, entertaining and dismissing envoys; royal gift-exchange; demanding hostages to keep at court; extracting tribute and oaths of loyalty; welcoming and sheltering political exiles from other kingdoms; and concluding truces and treaties. Thirdly, the Carolingian imperial rhetoric of a Christian, Latin empire broke down at the frontier. The nineteenth-century efforts by the French and the Germans each to appropriate Charlemagne for themselves contributed to their respective efforts to build the historiography of the nation-state.

Constructing the Past in the Early Middle Ages: The Case of the Royal Frankish Annals

HUMAN beings are in a perpetual dialogue with the past from their vantage point in the present. St Augustine put this most succinctly when he discussed what he thought of as ‘three times’, that is, ‘a present concerning past things; a present concerning present things and a present concerning future things. For these three are in the spirit and I do not see them elsewhere: the present concerning past things is memory; the present concerning present things is perception; the present concerning future things is expectation’.

Zur Herstellung von Kapitularien: Die Arbeit des Leges-Skriptoriums

W a s ich in d i e s e m Bei trag z u s a g e n habe , ist als F o r t s e t z u n g e iner E r ö r t e r u n g ü b e r das R e c h t , d i e leges u n d d ie k a r o l i n g i s c h e n Kapi tu lar i en im 9 . J a h r h u n d e r t zu vers tehen 1 . V ie l Arbe i t ist im G a n g e , w i e z u m Beispie l d ie U n t e r s u c h u n g v o n S c h m i t z ü b e r d ie K a p i t u l a r i e n s a m m l u n g v o n A n s e g i s 2 , d i e V o r b e r e i t u n g e i n e r n e u e n A u s g a b e d e r K a p i t u l a r i e n t e x t e f ü r d ie M G H d u r c h M o r d e k u n d d e s s e n M i t a r b e i t e r in Fre iburg 3 , u n d D i c k a u s S t u d i e n ü b e r d ie K a n z l e i u n d d i e N o t a r e L u d w i g s des F r o m m e n 4 . A u ß e r d e m ist es a u c h klar, d a ß d i e s e lbs t v e r s t ä n d l i c h e n F o l g e r u n g e n u n d d e r t i e f ere S inn d e r n e u e n F o r s c h u n g e n , w i e z u m Beispie l d e r j e n i g e n M o r d e k s ü b e r n o r m a t i v e T e x t e 5 , Büh lers ü b e r d i e Kapi tu lar i en 6 , N e l s o n s über k a r o l i n g i s c h e H e r r s c h a f t 7 u n d m e i n e r A r b e i t ü b e r

The resources of the past in early medieval Europe

This volume analyses the importance of history, the textual resources of the past and the integration of Christian and imperial Rome into the cultural memory of early medieval Europe within the wider question of identity formation. The case studies in this book shed new light on the process of codification and modification of cultural heritage in the light of the transmission of texts and the extant manuscript evidence from the early middle ages. The authors demonstrate how particular texts and their early medieval manuscript representatives in Italy, Francia, Saxony and Bavaria not only reflect ethnic, social and cultural identities but themselves contributed to the creation of identities, gave meaning to social practice, and were often intended to inspire, guide, change, or prevent action, directly or indirectly. These texts are shown to be part of a cultural effort to shape the present by restructuring the past.

Old Saint Peter's, Rome

Introduction 1. St Peters and the city of Rome between Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages Paolo Liverani 2. From Constantine to Constans: the chronology of the construction of St Peters Basilica Richard Gem 3. Spolia in the fourth-century basilica Lex Bosman 4. The early Christian Baptistery of St Peters Olof Brandt 5. The representation of Old St Peters Basilica in the Liber Pontificalis Rosamond McKitterick 6. The Mausoleum of Honorius: late Roman imperial Christianity and the city of Rome in the fifth century Meaghan McEvoy 7. Popes, emperors and clergy at Old St Peters from the fourth to the eighth century Alan Thacker 8. The Roman liturgical year and the early liturgy of St Peters Peter Jeffery 9. Interactions between liturgy and politics in Old St Peters, 670-741: John the Archcantor, Sergius I and Gregory III Eamonn O Carragain 10. A reconstruction of the Oratory of John VII (705-707) Antonella Ballardini and Paola Pogliani 11. Old St Peters and the Iconoclastic Controversy Charles McClendon 12. The Veronica, the Vultus Christi, and the veneration of icons in medieval Rome Ann van Dijk 13. The Carolingians and the Oratory of Saint Peter the Shepherd Joanna Story 14. Plus Caesare Petrus: the Vatican Obelisk and the approach to St Peters John Osborne 15. The legendary of St Peters Basilica: hagiographic traditions and innovations in the late eleventh century Carmela Vircillo Franklin 16. The stucco crucifix of Saint Peters reconsidered: textual sources and visual evidence for the Renaissance copy of a medieval silver crucifix Katharina Christa Schuppel 17. St Peters in the fifteenth century: Paul II, the archpriests and the case for continuity Carol M. Richardson 18. Filaretes renovation of the Porta Argentea at Old St Peters Robert Glass 19. The altar of Saint Maurice and the invention of tradition in Saint Peters Catherine Fletcher Epilogue. A hybrid history: the antique basilica with a modern dome Bram Kempers Appendix. Letter of the Canons of St Peters to Paul V concerning the demolition of the old basilica, 1605 Carol M. Richardson and Joanna Story.

Frankish Gaul to 814

The central theme in the history of eighth-century Francia is the rising power of its Carolingian rulers, above all of Charles Martel (715-41 ), Pippin III (741-68) and Charlemagne (768-814). Until the late seventh century Aquitaine had been an integral part of Frankish Gaul. The inventories of church lands, which later served as the basis for accusing Charles Martel of having plundered the church, were produced as part of a developing process of estate management, but which was much stimulated by the increasing use of written records from the mid-eighth century onwards. At the level of political and military history, the growth of Carolingian power may be understood in terms of an initial military success which allowed Charles Martel to take advantage of a balance of power operating progressively in his favour. In the south of Frankish Gaul, the old Visigothic province of Septimania had been added to Frankish territory and the Franks were able to intervene in Italy.

Framing Ambrose in the resources of the past: the late antique and early medieval sources for a Carolingian portrait of Ambrose

In 1964 Angelo Paredi, the prefect of the library of St Ambrose in Milan, published for the first time a long and unusual hagiographic account dedicated to the eminent doctor ecclesiae Ambrose (373–97). From then on, this text would be known under the name De vita et meritis sancti Ambrosii (BHL 377d in the Bollandist catalogue). So far, only one copy of the text has been discovered in a miscellaneous codex preserved at St Gallen (Stiftsbibliothek, 569). It contains saints’ lives as well as fragments from heterogeneous texts such as the Apocolocyntosis by Seneca and the Apocalypsis of Pseudo-Methodius. The first codicological unit of the manuscript (pp. 3–97) is a libellus dated to the late ninth century: it consists of the entire text of this extraordinary Life of Ambrose, written in brown and black ink by a single hand in a plain, round and wellspaced Carolingian minuscule that Bernhard Bischoff defined as ‘beste Mailänder Kalligraphie’. The De vita et meritis is a dense concoction of very different sources: biblical quotations can be found next to classical echoes that recall for instance pagan Roman authors like Virgil or Cicero. An analysis of the vocabulary suggests a ninth-century Carolingian background: as a matter of fact, the reference to the kingdom of Italy as the regnum italicum only features in charters and narrative sources from the reign of Louis the Pious (814–40) onwards. A late ninth-century date for the Milanese libellus, as integrated in St Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, 569, confirms this

Old Saint Peter's, Rome: Contents

Introduction 1. St Peters and the city of Rome between Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages Paolo Liverani 2. From Constantine to Constans: the chronology of the construction of St Peters Basilica Richard Gem 3. Spolia in the fourth-century basilica Lex Bosman 4. The early Christian Baptistery of St Peters Olof Brandt 5. The representation of Old St Peters Basilica in the Liber Pontificalis Rosamond McKitterick 6. The Mausoleum of Honorius: late Roman imperial Christianity and the city of Rome in the fifth century Meaghan McEvoy 7. Popes, emperors and clergy at Old St Peters from the fourth to the eighth century Alan Thacker 8. The Roman liturgical year and the early liturgy of St Peters Peter Jeffery 9. Interactions between liturgy and politics in Old St Peters, 670-741: John the Archcantor, Sergius I and Gregory III Eamonn O Carragain 10. A reconstruction of the Oratory of John VII (705-707) Antonella Ballardini and Paola Pogliani 11. Old St Peters and the Iconoclastic Controversy Charles McClendon 12. The Veronica, the Vultus Christi, and the veneration of icons in medieval Rome Ann van Dijk 13. The Carolingians and the Oratory of Saint Peter the Shepherd Joanna Story 14. Plus Caesare Petrus: the Vatican Obelisk and the approach to St Peters John Osborne 15. The legendary of St Peters Basilica: hagiographic traditions and innovations in the late eleventh century Carmela Vircillo Franklin 16. The stucco crucifix of Saint Peters reconsidered: textual sources and visual evidence for the Renaissance copy of a medieval silver crucifix Katharina Christa Schuppel 17. St Peters in the fifteenth century: Paul II, the archpriests and the case for continuity Carol M. Richardson 18. Filaretes renovation of the Porta Argentea at Old St Peters Robert Glass 19. The altar of Saint Maurice and the invention of tradition in Saint Peters Catherine Fletcher Epilogue. A hybrid history: the antique basilica with a modern dome Bram Kempers Appendix. Letter of the Canons of St Peters to Paul V concerning the demolition of the old basilica, 1605 Carol M. Richardson and Joanna Story.

Old Saint Peter's, Rome: Index

Introduction 1. St Peters and the city of Rome between Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages Paolo Liverani 2. From Constantine to Constans: the chronology of the construction of St Peters Basilica Richard Gem 3. Spolia in the fourth-century basilica Lex Bosman 4. The early Christian Baptistery of St Peters Olof Brandt 5. The representation of Old St Peters Basilica in the Liber Pontificalis Rosamond McKitterick 6. The Mausoleum of Honorius: late Roman imperial Christianity and the city of Rome in the fifth century Meaghan McEvoy 7. Popes, emperors and clergy at Old St Peters from the fourth to the eighth century Alan Thacker 8. The Roman liturgical year and the early liturgy of St Peters Peter Jeffery 9. Interactions between liturgy and politics in Old St Peters, 670-741: John the Archcantor, Sergius I and Gregory III Eamonn O Carragain 10. A reconstruction of the Oratory of John VII (705-707) Antonella Ballardini and Paola Pogliani 11. Old St Peters and the Iconoclastic Controversy Charles McClendon 12. The Veronica, the Vultus Christi, and the veneration of icons in medieval Rome Ann van Dijk 13. The Carolingians and the Oratory of Saint Peter the Shepherd Joanna Story 14. Plus Caesare Petrus: the Vatican Obelisk and the approach to St Peters John Osborne 15. The legendary of St Peters Basilica: hagiographic traditions and innovations in the late eleventh century Carmela Vircillo Franklin 16. The stucco crucifix of Saint Peters reconsidered: textual sources and visual evidence for the Renaissance copy of a medieval silver crucifix Katharina Christa Schuppel 17. St Peters in the fifteenth century: Paul II, the archpriests and the case for continuity Carol M. Richardson 18. Filaretes renovation of the Porta Argentea at Old St Peters Robert Glass 19. The altar of Saint Maurice and the invention of tradition in Saint Peters Catherine Fletcher Epilogue. A hybrid history: the antique basilica with a modern dome Bram Kempers Appendix. Letter of the Canons of St Peters to Paul V concerning the demolition of the old basilica, 1605 Carol M. Richardson and Joanna Story.

Old Saint Peter's, Rome: List of plates

Introduction 1. St Peters and the city of Rome between Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages Paolo Liverani 2. From Constantine to Constans: the chronology of the construction of St Peters Basilica Richard Gem 3. Spolia in the fourth-century basilica Lex Bosman 4. The early Christian Baptistery of St Peters Olof Brandt 5. The representation of Old St Peters Basilica in the Liber Pontificalis Rosamond McKitterick 6. The Mausoleum of Honorius: late Roman imperial Christianity and the city of Rome in the fifth century Meaghan McEvoy 7. Popes, emperors and clergy at Old St Peters from the fourth to the eighth century Alan Thacker 8. The Roman liturgical year and the early liturgy of St Peters Peter Jeffery 9. Interactions between liturgy and politics in Old St Peters, 670-741: John the Archcantor, Sergius I and Gregory III Eamonn O Carragain 10. A reconstruction of the Oratory of John VII (705-707) Antonella Ballardini and Paola Pogliani 11. Old St Peters and the Iconoclastic Controversy Charles McClendon 12. The Veronica, the Vultus Christi, and the veneration of icons in medieval Rome Ann van Dijk 13. The Carolingians and the Oratory of Saint Peter the Shepherd Joanna Story 14. Plus Caesare Petrus: the Vatican Obelisk and the approach to St Peters John Osborne 15. The legendary of St Peters Basilica: hagiographic traditions and innovations in the late eleventh century Carmela Vircillo Franklin 16. The stucco crucifix of Saint Peters reconsidered: textual sources and visual evidence for the Renaissance copy of a medieval silver crucifix Katharina Christa Schuppel 17. St Peters in the fifteenth century: Paul II, the archpriests and the case for continuity Carol M. Richardson 18. Filaretes renovation of the Porta Argentea at Old St Peters Robert Glass 19. The altar of Saint Maurice and the invention of tradition in Saint Peters Catherine Fletcher Epilogue. A hybrid history: the antique basilica with a modern dome Bram Kempers Appendix. Letter of the Canons of St Peters to Paul V concerning the demolition of the old basilica, 1605 Carol M. Richardson and Joanna Story.