Rosanne P. Farris

Patterns in child and adolescent consumption of fruit and vegetables: effects of gender and ethnicity across four sites.

OBJECTIVESnFew studies have examined the association of gender and ethnicity with fruit and vegetable consumption. We examined these associations using baseline data from four school-based sites funded under the National Cancer Institutes 5 A Day for Better Health Program.nnnMETHODSnDiet was measured using 24-hour recalls at three sites and seven-day food records at one site. Demographics were obtained via self-report or school records. Regression analyses for clustered data were employed with fruit and vegetables combined and fruit and vegetables separately.nnnRESULTSnGirls ate more fruit, more vegetables and more fruit and vegetables combined than boys at the Georgia site. Ethnicity was significant in two sites: In Georgia, African-Americans ate more fruit and more fruit and vegetables combined than European-Americans; in Minnesota, Asian-American/Pacific Islanders and African-Americans ate more fruit than European-Americans, and European-Americans and African-Americans ate more vegetables than Asian-Americans. No significant effects were found at the Alabama or Louisiana sites.nnnCONCLUSIONSnEthnicity was related to fruit and vegetable consumption in Georgia and Minnesota. Consistent with prior studies, gender was related to fruit and vegetable consumption, with girls consuming more servings than boys; however, this was observed at one site only, Georgia. Consumption levels were similar to national estimates for children and varied by region. Further studies are needed using a single methodology to facilitate regional comparisons.

Nutrient Intake and Food Group Consumption of 10-Year-Olds by Sugar Intake Level: The Bogalusa Heart Study

OBJECTIVEnThe effect of total sugar intake on nutrient intake and food group consumption was examined in children.nnnMETHODSnTwenty-four hour dietary recalls were collected on a sample of 568 ten-year-olds from two cross-sectional surveys. The population was stratified according to total sugar intake quartiles: < or = 25th (46 g/1000 kcal), 25-50th (67 g/1000 kcal), 50-75th (81 g/1000 kcal) and > or = 75th (106 g/1000 kcal).nnnRESULTSnNo significant difference was shown in energy intakes across the quartiles and no significant race or gender differences were observed in mean total sugar intakes. However, with increasing total sugar intake, there was a significant linear decrease in mean intakes of protein, fat, saturated fat, starch, cholesterol, sodium, vitamins B6 and E, thiamin, niacin, iron, and zinc; and a significant linear increase in mean intakes of carbohydrate, fructose, lactose, sucrose, vitamin D, and calcium. Eating patterns reflected the differing nutrient intakes, with high sugar consumers having significantly higher intakes of total g of candy, beverages and milk and lower intakes of total g of meats, and cheese than lower sugar consumers. The nutritional quality of childrens diets high in total sugar appear to be adequate regarding vitamin and mineral intakes and are closer to meeting current dietary fat recommendations.

Dietary Fiber Intake of Children and Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study

OBJECTIVEnTo determine dietary fiber intake of children and young adults.nnnDESIGN AND SETTINGnCross-sectional surveys of children and young adults in Bogalusa, La.nnnSUBJECTSnTwenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from 1976 to 1988 on five cohorts of 10-year-olds (n = 1,254), two cohorts of 13-year-olds (n = 360), and young adults (n = 504) 19 to 28 years of age.nnnSTATISTICSnDietary fiber intake data were analyzed for age, race, and gender differences and for secular trends. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated where appropriate. Dietary composition and food sources were examined for race-specific and gender-specific quartiles for dietary fiber intake adjusted per 1,000 kcal.nnnRESULTSnEven after adjusting for energy intake, total dietary fiber intake remained unchanged from 1976 to 1988, averaging 12 g or 5 g/1,000 kcal. Blacks and males had higher total fiber intakes than whites and females at all ages. Consumption of vegetables and soups and breads and grains accounted for 53% (10-year-olds) to 70% (13-year-olds) of the total fiber consumed. When children were stratified into quartiles on the basis of fiber intake per 1,000 kcal, the percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fat was lower, and the percentage of energy from carbohydrate was higher, in children with higher fiber intakes per 1,000 kcal.nnnAPPLICATIONSnDietary fiber intake of children has remained the same in the past 12 years and is comparable with the intake of young adults, which is well below the recommended level. Children with high fiber intakes (upper quartile) consumed less fat, particularly saturated fat, and more carbohydrate than children with low fiber intakes. Increasing consumption of whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables, and legumes (prepared with minimal added fat) will be necessary to reach the goal of optimal fiber intake and could result in an eating pattern that approaches the current recommendations for dietary fat and saturated fat.

DIFFERENCES IN REPORTED DIETARY INTAKE OF 10-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN ON WEEKDAYS COMPARED TO SUNDAY: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY

The effects of day-of-the-week on reported dietary intake were examined in 10-year-old children. Two hundred-eighty-one children (42% black; 50% female) completed a 24-hour dietary recall interview, with 78% representing weekday and 22% representing Sunday eating patterns. No Sunday versus weekday differences were noted for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate or sodium. Mixed protein (mixture of animal and vegetable protein) intakes were higher during the week (p < 0.0001), particularly at breakfast. Lactose and fructose intakes were higher on the weekday (p < 0.0001) and PUFA, MUFA and cholesterol intakes were higher on Sunday. The daily differences noted were contributed largely by differences in the breakfast and lunch meals, particularly those consumed at school. The dinner meal contributed greater lactose on Sunday (p < 0.01) and greater starch on weekdays (p < 0.05). Nutrient intakes from snacks did not differ between weekdays versus Sunday. Sunday intakes had significantly greater inter-subject variability than weekday intakes for energy, protein, SFA, cholesterol, carbohydrate, starch and sodium. Variations in nutrient intakes on Sunday versus weekdays was largely explained by differences in food group consumption. Significant differences were noted in percent of energy from fruits, milk and meats (higher on weekdays) and vegetables, poultry, eggs and pork (higher on Sunday). To accurately characterize the total dietary intakes and food consumption patterns of groups of children, it is necessary to include Sunday intakes. Copyright

Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of vitamins in 10- and 13-year-olds.

Impact of vitamin supplements upon dietary intakes of eight vitamins was examined in 10- and 13-year-old children randomly selected from a biracial community, Bogalusa, LA. More younger children reported taking supplements daily (17%) than did adolescents (12%). Over 90% of the children surveyed had dietary intakes of vitamin E and niacin that met or exceeded the RDA. One-half to two-thirds of children using supplements had adequate intakes of ascorbic acid from diet alone. Children who most needed ascorbic acid supplements were the least likely to take them. One-quarter to one-half of the children did not consume the RDA levels of vitamin A, thiamine, and riboflavin. Adolescents had less adequate vitamin A intakes than younger children. In all surveys, a higher proportion of girls than boys had intakes that did not meet the RDA for vitamins B6 and B12. Vitamin intakes of Bogalusa children and adolescents were comparable to other U.S. surveys. Inclusion of vitamin E and niacin in supplements may be unnecessary.

Dietary studies of children from a biracial population: intakes of carbohydrate and fiber in 10- and 13-year-olds.

Dietary intakes of carbohydrate (CHO) and fiber were examined in children randomly selected from a biracial community-Bogalusa, LA. Intakes of CHO per 1,000 kcal were similar for both sexes and both races at ages 10 and 13 years. No group or race differences were found for nine components assessed in two cohorts of 10-year-old children examined three years apart. There were sex differences in sucrose (boys less than girls) and lactose (boys greater than girls) intakes. Comparison of 10- and 13-year-olds examined in 1976 showed a racial difference in fiber and starch intakes (black greater than white). Longitudinal comparisons of a cohort of 148 children examined at both 10 and 13 years showed lower lactose intakes over time. At both ages starch, fiber, and glucose intakes per 1,000 kcal were higher in black children, with higher sucrose/starch ratios in white children. The percent of calories from CHO and sugars was higher in Bogalusa children than values for US adults, but starch intakes were lower. None of the childrens intakes was compatible with prudent dietary recommendations. Dietary CHO patterns of Bogalusa children reflect food market trends of increased use of simple CHO and decreased use of complex CHO.

Social support and self‐efficacy for the consumption of fruit and vegetables by adolescents: “Gimme 5"—A fresh nutrition concept for students

Two psychosocial variables associated with initiation and maintenance of healthy diets are social support and self‐efficacy. Questionnaires for assessing social support and self‐efficacy for fruit/vegetable consumption were designed for Gimme 5, a controlled 5‐A‐Day study with a high school cohort. Both questionnaires had good internal consistency and factor solutions consistent with theoretical intent. Females had significantly higher family support and self‐efficacy than males (p < 0.0001). Positive family support and self‐efficacy were related to self‐reported daily fruit/vegetable intake (N= 1,786;p < 0.0001). Analysis revealed that negative family support and negative or positive peer support were not relevant with this population for fruit/vegetable consumption. The Gimme 5 program was designed to use the positive effects of social support and self‐efficacy for improving diet.

Calcium Intakes in Children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) and Risk Factors for Poor Bone Health

Abstract In cystic fibrosis (CF), increased requirements and malabsorption may lead to malnutrition, in particular during rapid growth and/or with deteriorating lung function. Nutritional intervention includes increased caloric intake and lipid soluble vitamins, however calcium is rarely addressed. Since CF patients, particularly females, are at increased risk for osteoporosis, assessment of risk factors for poor bone health was studied in 31 CF patients (18 male; mean age 13.5 years; range:8-22 years). All patients completed a validated calcium food frequency questionnaire, weight, height, mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), age-puberty stage, and spirometry. Risk factors included low calcium intake ( 2 risk factors had lower calcium intakes (902.5 + 614.8mg/day) than those with

Nutrient Content of Salad Bars Offered to Female High School Students:: “GIMME 5” Program.

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To document the nutrient composition of salad bars as a National School Lunch Program (NSLP) lunch option to determine if these menus need to be modified to meet USDAs dietary goals. Seventeen salad bar menus (as offered) from four all female high schools were analyzed. Mean energy content of the salad bar menus was 915 kcal (range 543–1231 kcal); 16% protein, 45% carbohydrate, 40% fat, and 14% saturated fat. Sodium content of salad bar menus averaged 1733 mg; with all menus exceeding 800 mg of sodium. All 17 menus exceeded current recommendations of 30% energy from total fat; 12 menus exceeded 10% of energy from saturated fat; and only one menu met or exceeded 55% of energy from carbohydrate. Salad bar menus provided up to 36% of the RDA for vitamin A, 109% of the RDA for vitamin C, and over 60% of the RDA for thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin. Average salad bar menus contain higher absolute levels of energy, protein, carbohydrate, saturated fat, vitamin C, thiamin, niacin; and lower total fat, vitamin A, and sodium than traditional high school NSLP lunches. In our efforts to promote healthier school meals, guidelines for modifying salad bar menus need to be established.

Nutritional Adequacy of a High Carbohydrate Diet as Consumed By Children

Abstract Twenty-four hour dietary recalls were collected on two cross-sectional samples (1984–85 and 1987–88) of ten year olds (51% female, 41% black). Dietary recalls were analyzed for nutrients using the Extended Table of Nutrient Values database. Data showed considerable variations in CHO intake, ranging from 40 to 844 grams. The sample of 568 ten year olds was stratified into four levels of CHO intake: 55% kcal. Twenty-three percent of the sample had a CHO intake 55% kcal. Although children with a high CHO intake (>55% kcal) consumed 12% less energy than those with a lower CHO intake ( 55% kcal CHO approached the dietary recommendations, with 29% of kcal from fat, 11 % kcal from saturated fat, an average of 88mg/1000kcal dietary cholesterol, and less than 10% kcal from sucrose. The increased CHO intake in the high CHO intake group was attributed to an increased consumption of total sugars (fructose, lactose, sucrose), starch and fiber. Children with a high CHO intake consumed more fruits and fruit juices, breads, and grains, milk, desserts, candy and non-dairy beverages than those with a lower CHO intake who consumed more meats. The high CHO intake group had significantly lower mean intakes of vitamins B-12 (p