Rosemary Barberet

Women, crime and criminal justice : a global enquiry

Introduction Section I. Global Forces Chapter 1: Theory and Method Chapter 2: Women, Globalization and Development Chapter 3: International Law, Human Rights, International Organizations, and Global Womens Activism Section II. Violence Against Women Chapter 4: Violence Against Women in Peacetime Chapter 5: Violence Against Women in Conflict and Post Conflict Settings Chapter 6: Sex work, Prostitution and Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation Section III. Justice for Women Chapter 7: Women and Offending Chapter 8: Women and Incarceration Chapter 9: Women as Justice Professionals Chapter 10: Conclusions and the way forward Appendices: 1. Films 2. Biographies.

The legacy of INTERPOL crime data to cross-national criminology

INTERPOL crime data constitute the oldest and most continuous cross‐national data series available to criminologists. Recently, INTERPOL has decided to forego its data collection efforts. This paper, based on a systematic and extensive literature review, will examine how criminologists and other social scientists have used INTERPOL data to examine critical issues in the description and explanation of cross‐national crime. It will end with a critical reflection on the contribution of INTERPOL data to our knowledge base, as well as the possibilities that exist for using other data sources to continue research in this area.

Cocaine markets and drug enforcement in Spain and The Netherlands

This article summarises some key findings from a United Nations exploratory research study (Savona, Dom and Ellis, 1993; Ellis 1996). The complex cocaine-distributing processes in Spain and the Netherlands are outlined, followed by a discussion of the complexities of enforcement procedures to combat them. Finally, the article draws some tentative conclusions for policy makers relating to the convergences and differences in both cocaine markets and methods of enforcement in all three countries.

Youth Crime in Western Europe

Although most of the discipline of criminology can be traced to European roots, now the trend in who looks to whom for crime modalities and trends, research avenues, and related public policy is reversed. Europeans often turn to the United States, despite the availability of local innovations in crime and criminal justice policy. Not only are certain criminal modalities in Europe either “imitations” of American ones or new variations on an old theme, but research and policy frequently are imported from the United States and adapted, for better or for worse, to the European context. A 1998 New York Times article (Cowell, 1988, pp. 1, 4) entitled “Europe Envies America: Now, Teenagers Turn to Crime” is emblematic of this trend. The article speaks of increases in juvenile crime in a “post-welfare state, post-cold war, post-industrial, post-baby boom” Europe, arguing that Europe is ill-equipped to cope with this phenomenon. According to the article, traditional European leftist solutions to the crime problem, more geared toward prevention and rehabilitation, are being reconsidered along with “get-tough” policies imported from America.

Introduction: Rule of Law in an Era of Change – Challenges and Prospects

The rule of law (RoL) is a concept that has undergone several transformations in its long and turbulent history. With the end of the cold war, RoL has witnessed a major revival; a revival that has proven to be a mixed blessing at best. On the one hand, it has become an indispensable component in the efforts to build well-ordered societies, particularly in the aftermath of conflict situations. It is ritualistically invoked by leaders of regimes all over the world, whether democratic, illiberal democratic, transitioning, or authoritarian, as well as by international agencies. Its alleged reach though is global and goes beyond merely assisting in broad democratization and peacebuilding efforts. Its proponents claim that it can contribute to the cure of major domestic and international societal ills that include poverty, gross, and systematic human rights violations, as well as intra- and interstate violence. This core belief is best reflected in the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 67/1, which reaffirmed the concept’s “fundamental importance…for the further development of the three main pillars upon which the United Nations is built: international peace and security, human rights and development.” In addition to such official pronouncements, many studies have joined the chorus of extolling the RoL’s virtues. In a certain sense, the moral appeal of the RoL resembles that of human rights: everybody is in favor even – or, some may say, particularly – when they routinely violate them.

Engendering Justice: The Promotion of Women in Post-conflict and Post-transitional Criminal Justice Institutions

The acute need to address security-related concerns of women in conflict and post-conflict scenarios has been noted and emphasized by powerful actors including the United Nations Security Council, evidenced in the passing of 12 relevant resolutions, including Resolution 1325 (Women, Peace and Security 2000), Resolution 1820 (Women, Peace and security: Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict 2008), and Resolution 1960 (Women in peacekeeping missions in civil, military, and police functions 2010). The inclusion of gender-related issues within security sector reform (SSR) policy and academic circles also reflects another important policy trend, that of gender mainstreaming, within development and aid circles. Gender-related issues may not be dominant within SSR, but are gaining traction. OECD DAC (now the OECD-DCD-DAC) publication urged policy makers and funders to include gender-related SSR policies into their programs. This includes gender-related program assessments (such as reviewing policies for any gender discriminatory provisions), promotion of policies that address gender-specific needs, inclusion of policies to address gender-based violence, collaboration with women’s and human rights organizations when creating reforms, and mandating gender-related trainings for security personnel. The publication also stressed the importance of women’s participation and consultation in security and justice issues, including the greater physical representation of women within the security sector. The report stated that “creating more representative security system institutions—i.e. institutions with a diversity of personnel that reflects the population they seek to serve—through increased capacity, recruitment, retention and advancement of women strengthens operational effectiveness and can generate greater civilian trust” (OECD DAC, 2009, p. 2).

Victims of Terrorism Associations After September 11th and March 11th: Claims, Demands, and Responses

Attention to victims and their advocates is an inherent part of the “thick” definition of the rule of law, and repeated mentions of victims and civil society organizations that advocate for their interests appear in the Secretary-General’s 2004 report on the rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies, as well as subsequent international legal documents recognizing the rights of victims of terrorism. In this chapter, we review the missions and activities of the organizations that were created to advocate for the victims and families of the 9/11 attacks in New York and offer a brief comparison to those that functioned in Spain after the Atocha train bombings of 2004. By examining these associations’ careers, we see the prolonged needs of victims of terrorism as well as the way that those organizations created to advocate for them to learn transferable skills that are useful to other types of victims and tragic events.

The right to commemoration and “ideal victims”: the puzzle of victim dissatisfaction with State-led commemoration after 9/11 and 3/11

ABSTRACT This article explores the puzzle of victim dissatisfaction with State-led commemoration following 9/11 and 3/11 by offering a cross-national case study through which to view key areas of theoretical debate in the sociology of human rights, cultural trauma and collective memory, and the politics of victimhood. Although State-led commemorative processes are often highly contested, we would expect them to be less so in the cases of 9/11 and 3/11, given broad social consensus about the victims’ right to commemoration and the traumatic nature of the events, and especially the “ideal nature” of the victims who as symbolic representatives of the State are conferred with great moral authority. Drawing on primary and secondary data on the commemoration of the attacks of 11th September 2001 and 11th March 2004 we find that despite sharp differences between commemorative processes, three common key areas of contestation and dissatisfaction for victims emerge: political instrumentalisation, hierarchies of worth and exclusion. We show how the status of ideal victimhood for victims of transnational terrorism carries within it an inherent paradox which provides the key to their dissatisfaction, namely the moral authority conferred on them as representatives of the State simultaneously depersonalises them, excluding them as individuals with rights and needs.

Education for Justice: Experiences and Prospects for Further Internationalization

This chapter discusses the internationalization of criminal justice education in the United States, highlighting the experiences of John Jay College of Criminal Justice of the City University of New York (USA), a leader in international criminal justice education. Since 2001, it has offered an undergraduate degree in international criminal justice, and since 2010, a Master of Arts in International Crime and Justice. Both programs are unique in the United States and among very few in the world. This chapter discusses the development of the most recent program, the Master of Arts program: its curriculum, faculty, the students it attracts and graduates, and the prospects of these programs for the future. The chapter then moves on to discuss international curricular initiatives in women, crime and criminal justice. It ends with a discussion of why and how nations around the world might encourage similar curricular development, and how the work of intergovernmental organizations such as the United Nations might contribute to such developments as well as benefit from them.

International Collaboration in Criminology

Our chapter discusses the contributions of Ernesto Savona to international collaborative projects in criminology. The authors worked on a UNICRI-sponsored study of cocaine trafficking in Europe, which Ernesto Savona directed in 1992–1994. This project recruited national experts to manage fieldwork in the UK, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain and Germany. Interviews were conducted of low to mid-level cocaine traffickers, cocaine users, physicians, and law enforcement officials to gain a sense of the methods used by cocaine traffickers in European markets. It also included case studies of the changing methods of cocaine traffickers, once thwarted by law enforcement mechanisms to suppress their actions. Ernesto Savona coordinated this difficult project before the advent of modern information technology, and taught us a great deal about international collaboration.