Rostislav S. Starikov

Holographic memory optical system based on computer-generated Fourier holograms

Holography is known to be a prospective tool for storing large amounts of digital information, providing long lasting safety and high speed data access. In this paper, we present a new approach to holographic memory system design. Our method is based on an application of discrete Fourier-transform calculations to encode two-dimensional binary data pages as computer-generated amplitude Fourier holograms (CGFHs). These CGFHs, represented as grayscale raster images, can be displayed with the use of a high resolution amplitude spatial light modulator (SLM) in an optical projection system and exposed on holographic medium with multiple reduction. The optical scheme required for the technical realization of this method appears significantly simpler compared with known holographic memory recording devices; moreover, it can be built using either coherent or incoherent light sources. Coding of data pages by precise pseudorandom phase masks during CGFH synthesis allows us to achieve about 3% of the recorded microholograms diffraction efficiency. The experimental results of CGFH projection recorded with a 20× reduction on photosensitive holographic medium and its reconstruction are presented.

Holographic memory system based on projection recording of computer-generated 1D Fourier holograms.

Utilization of computer generation of holographic structures significantly simplifies the optical scheme that is used to record the microholograms in a holographic memory record system. Also digital holographic synthesis allows to account the nonlinear errors of the record system to improve the microholograms quality. The multiplexed record of holograms is a widespread technique to increase the data record density. In this article we represent the holographic memory system based on digital synthesis of amplitude one-dimensional (1D) Fourier transform holograms and the multiplexed record of these holograms onto the holographic carrier using optical projection scheme. 1D Fourier transform holograms are very sensitive to orientation of the anamorphic optical element (cylindrical lens) that is required for encoded data object reconstruction. The multiplex record of several holograms with different orientation in an optical projection scheme allowed reconstruction of the data object from each hologram by rotating the cylindrical lens on the corresponding angle. Also, we discuss two optical schemes for the recorded holograms readout: a full-page readout system and line-by-line readout system. We consider the benefits of both systems and present the results of experimental modeling of 1D Fourier holograms nonmultiplex and multiplex record and reconstruction.

MINACE filter: variants of realization in 4-f correlator

Minimum Noise And Correlation Energy (MINACE) filters application provides good ability to recognize in case of grayscale input images of an object with background noises. For fast correlation matching MINACE filters can be used in 4-f correlators as a computer generated hologram (holographic filters). In this paper different variants of holographic filters realization were discussed. The results of correlation recognition with holographic MINACE filters are presented.

Application of optoelectronic micro-displays for holographic binary data recorder based on computer generated fourier holograms

Present article highlights the researches provided during the development of holographic memory system based on application of computational methods to encode binary data pages as amplitude computer generated Fourier holograms (CGFH). Using electro-optical micro-display and projection optics CGFH can be recorded onto photosensitive medium. The type of display that is used in data recorder determines the specificities of optical scheme architecture with its own limitations and advantages. There are three projection schemes of binary data recorder discussed in the paper. A linear scheme based on transparency-type liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC SLM), a scheme based on reflection-type liquid crystal on silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS SLM) which uses a beamsplitting cube, and the most compact and simple scheme based on self-emitting OLED-display. The results of experimental implementation of all the three projection schemes for CGFH of binary data pages record onto the holographic carrier and consequent optical reconstruction and analysis of the encoded data are presented.

Specificities of data page representation in projection type optical holographic memory system

The matter of the present article covers the results obtained during the development of holographic memory record system based on projection of computer-generated amplitude Fourier holograms. The basic issue is the investigation of representation specificities of binary data pages, which were choose to be encoded on computer-generated amplitude Fourier hologram and then recorded on photosensitive medium as microhologram using simple projection optics and spatial light modulator. Limitations of data page resolution caused by limited resolution of SLM that is used to display the digitally synthesized holograms are discussed. Also the results of random phase coding of data page during the holograms synthesis research are presented.

Fast measurement of temporal noise of digital camera's photosensors

Currently photo- and videocameras are widespread parts of both scientific experimental setups and consumer applications. They are used in optics, radiophysics, astrophotography, chemistry, and other various fields of science and technology such as control systems and video-surveillance monitoring. One of the main information limitations of photoand videocameras are noises of photosensor pixels. Camera’s photosensor noise can be divided into random and pattern components. Temporal noise includes random noise component while spatial noise includes pattern noise component. Spatial part usually several times lower in magnitude than temporal. At first approximation spatial noises might be neglected. Earlier we proposed modification of the automatic segmentation of non-uniform targets (ASNT) method for measurement of temporal noise of photo- and videocameras. Only two frames are sufficient for noise measurement with the modified method. In result, proposed ASNT modification should allow fast and accurate measurement of temporal noise. In this paper, we estimated light and dark temporal noises of four cameras of different types using the modified ASNT method with only several frames. These cameras are: consumer photocamera Canon EOS 400D (CMOS, 10.1 MP, 12 bit ADC), scientific camera MegaPlus II ES11000 (CCD, 10.7 MP, 12 bit ADC), industrial camera PixeLink PLB781F (CMOS, 6.6 MP, 10 bit ADC) and video-surveillance camera Watec LCL-902C (CCD, 0.47 MP, external 8 bit ADC). Experimental dependencies of temporal noise on signal value are in good agreement with fitted curves based on a Poisson distribution excluding areas near saturation. We measured elapsed time for processing of shots used for temporal noise estimation. The results demonstrate the possibility of fast obtaining of dependency of camera full temporal noise on signal value with the proposed ASNT modification.

Variants of minimum correlation energy filters: comparative study

Application of distortion invariant filters (DIF) provides the possibility of invariant image recognition with increased speed of correlation matching. DIF with the minimization of correlation energy enable to control the properties of output correlation signal due to the parameterization during its synthesis. There are several types of such a filters presented nowadays. The relevance degree of each type of filter application is determined by the specific conditions of the recognition task. Thus it requires a comparative analysis of the filters performance. The simulations were provided for the DIF of the following types: MACE (Minimum Average Correlation Energy Filter), GMACE (Gaussian-minimum average correlation energy filters), MINACE (Minimum noise and correlation energy filter) and WMACE (the version of GMACE where the smoothing function is the wavelet). The synthesis of filters was carried out under identical conditions of gray-scale image recognition problem (out of plane rotated objects). The comparison results of discrimination characteristics and the requirements of DIFs synthesis are described and discussed.

Invariant correlation filter with linear phase coefficient holographic realization in 4-F correlator

Realization of distortion invariant correlation filters in optical image correlators open possibilities for object identification with remarkably high computational capabilities. Application of the linear phase coefficient composite filter (LPCCF) is attractive for recognition of binary edged images. We use methods of digital holographic synthesis to realize LPCCF in a coherent 4-F correlator as a computer-generated amplitude holographic filter. A high resolution spatial light modulator (SLM) has to be implemented for such a filter representation. Transparency limitations of high frame rate and high resolution SLMs and its effect on recognition performance of holographic filter in the 4-F correlator are discussed in the given paper.

Distortion invariant correlation filters application for quality inspection of master-matrix for security holograms

Security holograms (SH) are perspective for document and product authenticity protection due to difficulties of such a protection mark falsification. Mass production of SH uses widespread technology of hot foil or lavsan paper stamping. The quality of holograms significantly depends on perfection of nickel master-matrix that is used in stamping equipment. We represent the method of automatic quality inspection of nickel master-matrix based on digital processing of its surface relief microphotographs. Proposed processing algorithm is based on combination of image spatial frequency analysis and image matching using distortion invariant correlation filters. The results of our method application for real SH master-matrices inspection are shown in this paper.

MINACE filter realization as computer generated hologram for 4-f correlator

Optical correlators are well known to be perspective for real time image recognition. Application of distortion invariant filters (DIF) provides image recognition with increased speed of correlation image matching. Minimum noise and correlation energy filters (MINACE filters) provide good recognition in the case of gray-scale input images. These filters possess a good mathematical basis and can be efficiently implemented in digital processing systems or in hybrid opto-digital correlators at a high rate. This paper is subjected to synthesis and realization of MINACE filters for 4-f correlator as computer generated holograms (holographic filters).