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Featured researches published by Roy E. Schwartz.


Anesthesia & Analgesia | 1999

The Use of Lidocaine for Preventing the Withdrawal Associated with the Injection of Rocuronium in Children and Adolescents

Yuri Shevchenko; Judith C. Jocson; Valerie A. McRae; Stephen A. Stayer; Roy E. Schwartz; Mohamed A. Rehman; Dinesh K. Choudhry

UNLABELLED We designed this study to examine the incidence and degree of movement after the administration of rocuronium in children and adolescents and to measure the treatment effect of lidocaine for its prevention. One hundred patients (aged 5-18 yr) were randomly assigned to two groups. After general anesthesia was induced with 5 mg/kg thiopental sodium and manual occlusion of venous outflow was performed, one group of patients received 0.1 mL/kg 1% lidocaine i.v.. A second group received 0.1 mL/kg of isotonic sodium chloride solution as a placebo control. Venous outflow occlusion was held for 15 s, released, and immediately followed by the administration of rocuronium 1 mg/kg i.v.. The patients response to rocuronium injection was graded using a 4-point scale. We observed that the incidence of withdrawal was 84% in the placebo group and was significantly decreased to 46% in patients pretreated with lidocaine (P < 0.001). This study demonstrates that the i.v. injection of rocuronium is commonly associated with a withdrawal reaction in anesthetized pediatric patients and that this reaction can be attenuated or eliminated by pretreatment with i.v. lidocaine. IMPLICATIONS Pain on injection of rocuronium in pediatric patients can be alleviated by pretreatment with i.v. lidocaine.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1999

Anesthetic management of living liver donors.

Dinesh K. Choudhry; Roy E. Schwartz; Stephen A. Stayer; Yuri Shevchenko; Mohamed A. Rehman

PurposeLiving organ donation is being performed with increasing frequency to overcome the shortage of organs for transplantation. Our experience in the anesthetic management of donors with relevant issues is discussed and complications encountered are recorded.MethodsData were collected retrospectively and analyzed on all 22 left lateral hepatectomies performed at our institution between 1993 to 1997 for transplantation.ResultsMajor ethical concern was the risk to the donors and anesthetic issues were those of a major abdominal procedure. All except four donors were parents (mother/father). Average blood loss was 805 ± 479 ml and only two donors required blood transfusion. Mean operative time was 8.2 ± 1.5 hr. Thoracic epidural analgesia was the most commonly adopted mode of pain relief. Average time to return of bowel sound postoperatively was 3.1 ± 1.0 days and was not influenced by the postoperative analgesic technique used. Total duration of hospital stay was 8.4 ± 1.1 days. Three donors developed minor postoperative complications atrial fibrillation and retained JP drain; left lower lobe pneumonia; and incisional hernia. All patients recovered uneventfully.ConclusionLiving organ donors contribute towards decreasing the shortage of organs for transplantation. Minimizing the discomfort associated with the surgical intervention and providing a complication-free perioperative course will positively influence the continued availability of such donations. On review of the first 22 left lateral hapatectomies performed, we observed only minor complications. Postoperative pain was a serious problem and thoracic epidural provided satisfactory analgesia.RésuméObjectifLe don d’organe vivant se fait de plus en plus souvent en raison du manque d’organes pour la transplantation. Notre expérience de l’anesthésie des donneurs ainsi que les questions qui y sont pertinentes sont examinées et les complications qui surviennent sont présentées.MéthodeUne collecte rétrospective suivie d’une analyse des données des 22 hépatectomies latérales gauches réalisées pour la transplantation entre 1993 et 1997 à notre institution.RésultatsNotre principale souci éthique a été celui du risque encouru par les donneurs, et nos choix anesthésiques, ceux d’une intervention abdominale majeure. Les donneurs, sauf quatre, étaient des parents (mère/père). La perte sanguine moyenne a été de 805 ± 479 ml, et deux donneurs ont eu besoin de transfusion. Le temps moyen de l’opération a été de 8,2 ± 1,5 h. Lanalgésie épidurale thoracique a été privilégiée comme traitement de la douleur. Le temps moyen nécessaire au retour des bruits intestinaux postopératoires a été de 3,1 ± 1,0 jours peu importe la technique analgésique postopératoire utilisée. La durée totale du séjour hospitalier a été de 8,4 ± 1,1 jours. Trois donneurs ont développé des complications postopératoires mineures de fibrillation auriculaire et de rétention du drain de Jackson-Pratt, de pneumonie du lobe inférieur gauche et de hernie au site de l’incision. Tous les patients se sont rétablis sans incidents.ConclusionLes dons d’organe vivant permettent de palier le manque d’organes pour la transplantation. En réduisant l’inconfort associé à l’intervention chirurgicale et en procurant un environnement périopératoire sans complications, nous pourrons assurer le maintien de dons semblables. Lors de la révision des 22 premières hépatectomies latérales gauches, nous n’avons relevé que des complications mineures. La douleur postopératoire a été un problème sérieux que l’analgésie épidurale thoracique nous a permis de régler de façon satisfaisante.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1993

Tracheal tube leak test--is there inter-observer agreement?

Roy E. Schwartz; Stephen A. Stayer; Carol A. Pasquariello

Although the leak test is recommended as a method of assessing the appropriate size of uncujfed endotracheal tubes for use in children, the reproducibility of this test has not been validated. Patients from newborn to ten years of age requiring trachéal intubation for elective surgery were studied. The endotracheal tube size was calculated using the formula: (age + 16) + 4 for patients ≤ two years of age and at the discretion of the attending anaesthetist for patients < two years of age. After the induction of anaesthesia and administration of a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant, the patient’s trachea was intubated and mid-tracheal placement was confirmed. Two of the three staff anaesthetists participating in the study assessed the leak pressure consecutively. Each participant performed a single leak determination. The leak pressure was determined as follows: the patient was supine with the head in a neutral position, fresh gas flowed into the breathing circuit at 5 L· min−1, a stethoscope was placed on the skin over the larynx and the pressure relief valve was completely closed. Pressure slowly increased in the breathing circuit until an audible leak occurred around the tracheal tube. The inter-observer difference was calculated in 212 patients. The absolute value of the difference between that of two observers increased as the mean leak pressure increased. However, the variation between observers expressed as a percent of the absolute measurement remained constant. An average variance in measurement of 38% was found at both low and high leak pressures. In conclusion, we found considerable variation between two experienced observers in assessing leak pressures. As the leak pressures increase, the difference between these observations also increases. Therefore, we believe it is unreasonable to set an upper limit of leak pressure for changing all endotracheal tubes.RésuméBien que le « test de fuite » d’air soit recommandé pour évaluer la conformité de la taille des canules pour intubation chez l’enfant, la reproductibilité de ce test n’a jamais été validée. Une population variée d’enfants (nouveaux-nés à dix ans) chez qui l’intubation endotrachéale est nécessaire pour une chirurgie non urgente sont étudiés. La taille de la canule est calculée selon la formule: (âge + 16)/4 pour les patients d’âge ≤ deux ans et laissée à la discsrétion de l’anesthésiste pour les patients < 2 ans d’âge. Après l’induction de l’anesthésie et l’administration d’un myorelaxant non dépolarisant, la trachée est intubée et la position de la canule confirmée. Deux des trois anesthésistes participants à l’étude évaluent la pression de la fuite consécutivement. Chaque participant ne détermine la fuite d’air une seule fois. La pression de fuite est déterminée de la façon suivante: avec le malade en décubitus dorsal et la tête en position neutre, l’écoulement de gaz frais est réglé à 5 Z, · min−1, et un stéthoscope placé au niveau du larynx avec la soupape de surpression du circuit complètement fermée. La pression est augmentée progressivement dans le circuit jusqu’à l’apparition d’une fuite audible autour de la canule endotrachéale. La différence entre les deux observations est mesurée chez 212 patients. La valeur absolue de la différence trouvée par chacun des deux observateurs augmente à mesure que la fuite augmente. Cependant, la variation entre les deux observateurs exprimée en pourcentage de la mesure absolue demeure constante. Une variance de 38% est constatée à la fois avec les pressions de fuite hautes et basses. En conclusion, nous avons trouvé une variation considérable entre les évaluations de nos deux observateurs expérimentés. A mesure que la fuite augmente, la différence entre ces observations augmente. Nous croyons donc qu’il est illusoire de déterminer une limite supérieure de pression de fuite pour changer de canule endotrachéale.


Pediatric Anesthesia | 1996

The use of ondansetron to treat pruritus associated with intrathecal morphine in two paediatric patients.

Lynda Arai; Stephen A. Stayer; Roy E. Schwartz; Alfred T. Dorsey

Intrathecal morphine is an effective technique for providing postoperative analgesia after major surgical procedures in children. Pruritus is a common side effect associated with intrathecal morphine. We report two patients who experienced significant pruritus associated with intrathecal morphine administration and were successfully treated with ondansetron. Ondansetron appears to be a beneficial and safe method of relieving pruritus associated with intrathecal morphine.


Pediatric Anesthesia | 2002

Morquio's syndrome and its anaesthetic considerations

Kathleen A. Morgan; Mohamed A. Rehman; Roy E. Schwartz

Summary Morquios syndrome is an inherited disorder characterized by excessive excretion of keratan sulphate in the urine. The anaesthetic care of these patients should take into consideration respiratory, craniofacial, cardiac, skeletal, ocular and hepatic abnormalities. We report the case of a child with Morquios syndrome who presented for stabilization of the cervical spine, and discuss the issues relevant to the anaesthesiologist.


Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health | 1995

Analgesia for venepuncture in a paediatric surgery centre.

Brislin Rp; Stephen A. Stayer; Roy E. Schwartz; Caroline A. Pasquariello

To establish an effective and efficient method of painless venepuncture in children 8 years and older in an ambulatory paediatric surgery centre.


Pediatric Anesthesia | 1995

Anaesthetic considerations for the patient with cri du chat syndrome

Robert P. Brislin; Stephen A. Stayer; Roy E. Schwartz

Cri du chat syndrome is an inherited disease affecting multiple organ systems. Most characteristic is the anatomical abnormality of the larynx resulting in a cat‐like cry. Issues important in developing an anaesthetic plan include: anatomical abnormalities of the airway, congenital heart disease, hypotonia, mental retardation, and temperature maintenance. We report the case of a 33‐month‐old patient with cri du chat syndrome undergoing patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation and discuss the anaesthetic issues.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1994

Anaesthesia for the patient with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy.

Roy E. Schwartz; Stephen A. Stayer; Carol A. Pasquariello; David A. Lowe; Carl J. Foster

The authors present and discuss the care of a nine-month-old with neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy who required general anaesthesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy is an inherited disorder of peroxisomal enzymes. Anaesthetic care may be affected by the presence of hypotonia, liver function abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux, and impaired adrenocortical function. Preoperative sedation is contraindicated because of the risk of precipitating airway obstruction due to preexisting hypotonia. Anaesthetic induction and tracheal intubation should be performed to minimize the risk for aspiration of gastric contents. The choice of muscle relaxant should take into account the preexisting hypotonia as well as the possibility of hyperkalaemia in response to succinylcholine. Anaesthetic agents known to decrease the seizure threshold should be avoided in patients with a seizure disorder. In addition, anaesthetic agents that rely on the liver for metabolism should be used with caution in patients with cirrhosis. When time permits, these patients should be screened for adrenocortical insufficiency before surgery, and perioperative steroid coverage is advisable when preoperative testing of adrenocortical function is not feasible. While these patients eventually die after progressive deterioration, full recovery from the effects of anaesthesia and surgery can be achieved with attention to neurological, metabolic, and physical problems.RésuméLes auteurs présentent et commentent la conduite anesthésique d’un enfant de neuf mois porteur d’adrénoleucodystrophie qui doit subir une endoscopie sous anesthésie générale. L’adrénoleucodystrophie néonatale est un désordre congénital affectant les enzymes péroxysomatiques. La conduite anesthésique peut être affectée par l’hypotonie, des anomalies de la fonction hépatique, un reflux gastrooesophagien et une altération de la fonction adrénocorticale. La prémédication est contreindiquée par le risque de provoquer une obstruction des voies respiratoires supérieures par hypotonie. Il faut minimiser le risque d’aspiration du contenu gastrique. Le choix du myorésolutif doit être guidé par la présence d’hypotonie aussi bien que par la possibilité d’hypekaliémie en réponse à la succinylcholine. Les anesthésiques susceptibles d’abaisser le seuil convtilsif doivent être évités. Les agents anesthésiques métabolisés par le foie doivent être utilisés avec prudence chez l’enfant cirrhotique. Si le temps le permet, il faut évaluer la fonction adrénocorticale avant la chirurgie; autrement il est conseillé de préparer le malade avec des stéroïdes. Alors que ces malades meurent éventuellement par détérioration progressive, la récupération postanesthésique et postopératoire complètes peuvent être réalisées en portant attention aux problèmes neurologiques, métaboliques et physiques.


Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia-journal Canadien D Anesthesie | 1993

Plasma cholinesterase deficiency in a neonate

Caroline A. Pasquariello; Roy E. Schwartz

We report a two-day-old infant who had a period of apnoea lasting six hours following the intravenous administration of succinylcholine (Sch). The results of her plasma cholinesterase level and dibucaine number indicate a congenital absence of plasma cholinesterase (PChE) enzyme, although both parents and siblings had normal cholinesterase levels and dibucaine numbers. This is believed to be the youngest reported case of prolonged apnoea after the administration of succinylcholine.RésuméNous rapportons le cas d’un bébé de deux jours qui présente une période d’apnée de six heures après l’administration intraveineuse de succinylcholine. Les résultats du dosage de la cholinestérase plasmatique et de l’épreuve à la dibucaïne montrent une absence congénitale de cholinestérase plasmatique (PChE), malgré des dosage normaux chez les parents et la fratrie. Nous croyons qu’il s’agit là du plus jeune cas d’apnée prolongée après administration de succinylcholine.


Pediatric Anesthesia | 1998

The Alagille's syndrome and its anaesthetic considerations

Dinesh K. Choudhry; Mohammed Rehman; Roy E. Schwartz; David A. Piccoli

Alagilles syndrome is an inherited disorder affecting multiple organ systems. Most characteristic is the paucity of the interlobular bile ducts with cholestasis. The anaesthetic plan for these patients should be based on careful preoperative preparation and attention to the issues involving hepatobiliary, cardiac, neurodevelopmental, nutritional, haematological, ocular and facial abnormalities. We report the case of a five‐and‐a‐half‐year old patient with Alagilles syndrome who sustained a pathological fracture of the femur and was scheduled for closed reduction and application of a hip spica cast. Relevant anaesthetic issues are discussed.

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Mohamed A. Rehman

University of Pennsylvania

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Dinesh K. Choudhry

Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children

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Stephen P. Dunn

Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children

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Carl J. Foster

Albert Einstein Medical Center

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David A. Piccoli

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

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