Rubem La Laina Porto

Gestão de bacias hidrográficas

O presente trabalho pretende apresentar o conceito de bacia hidrografica, apresentar tambem o modo como o pais encontra-se organizado para essa forma de gestao e discutir os principais pontos da gestao de recursos hidricos que estao associados a esse recorte geografico. Abordam-se pontos dificeis da gestao integrada e a necessidade de aperfeicoamento do sistema de decisao.

Planning as a Tool to Deal with Extreme Events: The New Brazilian Water Resources Management System

Abstract This paper describes the recent changes in the Water Resources Management System of Brazil and its proposed approach on how to be more effective when dealing with extreme events. The geographic extent of the country, its regional differences, and the difficult economic conditions lead to a comprehensive reform in the water resources sector in order to increase efficiency of the water uses, to reduce costs, and to promote development. The major change occurred in 1997, with the promulgation of the National Water Resources Management Act, which established the National Water Resources Policy and the National Water Resources Management System. A primary strength of the new system is its decentralization. Different geographical regions of the country must cope with different extreme events. The developed South suffers with frequent flood events due to large urbanized areas and impervious floodplain areas and with water scarcity due to excessive use. The rural Northeast is frequently devastated by severe drought periods with consequences such as migration and poverty. In both cases, the decentralized decision process is a powerful tool to better manage such problematic areas. In fact, to help controlling extreme events is one of the major objectives of the new system, as stated in the law. In intermittent rivers of the Brazilian Northeast, participation of users associations can help finding the best water allocation scheme. When it comes to flood control, community participation in the selection of solutions is essential. Flood protection is a community rather than individual benefit. Decision on the land use will only be accomplished with the participation of different government levels together with the community.

Sistema de suporte à decisão para alocação de água em projetos de irrigação

This paper presents a model, called IrrigaLS, to analyze the water allocation for irrigation. The water volumes stored in the soil and in the superficial reservoirs constitute decision variables of the network flow model in the allocation analysis. IrrigaLS is one of the programs that form the base of models of the decision support system called AcquaNet. Evaluations have shown that IrrigaLS is efficient at simulating complex water resource systems under multiple usage condition. IrrigaLS allows the real water needs of the crops to be determined, it guarantees a minimum water supply to the crops during drought periods, as well as water saving by the inclusion of rainfall. It also makes possible the choice of soil moisture target, to differentiate the crops in relation to the water deficit sensitivity and to calculate the soil daily water budget. The fact that it takes into account the interactions between water, soil, weather and plant allows for a better approach to a more efficient water use as well as to estimate the agricultural production.

Performance of the model called AcquaNetXL in the allocation of water in complex water resource systems

This article presents a tool for the allocation analysis of complex systems of water resources, called AcquaNetXL, developed in the form of spreadsheet in which a model of linear optimization and another nonlinear were incorporated. The AcquaNetXL keeps the concepts and attributes of a decision support system. In other words, it straightens out the communication between the user and the computer, facilitates the understanding and the formulation of the problem, the interpretation of the results and it also gives a support in the process of decision making, turning it into a clear and organized process. The performance of the algorithms used for solving the problems of water allocation was satisfactory especially for the linear model.

Decision support system for optimization of permits for wastewater discharge

This paper presents a Decision Support System (DSS) to assist in the issuing of wastewater discharge and water abstraction rights, including the evaluation of alternative pollution control strategies used to facilitate the analysis and implementation of the instrument. The DSS substantiates its analysis with the use of evolutionary algorithms for the optimization of water demand and wastewater discharge allocation. It intends to maximize the uses and minimize the costs of wastewater treatment measures, according to the limits imposed by the water quality standards. Among the strategies considered for the issuing of permits were the compliance with environmental legislation for wastewater discharge, the equality between water users, the water quality standards set by the water bodies’ classification, and the restrictions imposed by the responsible controlling water agency. The DSS’s results were satisfactory to the strategies analyzed, as they complied with the restrictions and penalties imposed to the objective function. The main objective of the proposed strategies is to evaluate the performance of the DSS in getting the results, as well as to analyze the flexibility of the algorithms when new restrictions and penalties are introduced in the decision making process.

MODELO MATEMÁTICO PARA GERENCIAMENTO DE QUANTIDADE E QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA EM RIOS... UM ESTUDO DE CASO: BACIA DO RIO PIRACICABA.

Atualmente, uma das maiores causas da escassez dos recursos hidricos, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos, deve-se a degradacao da qualidade da agua, a qual e decorrente dos lancamentos inadequados de efluentes industriais e esgotos domesticos. Dentro desse contexto, o desenvolvimento e a aplicacao de modelos que consideram aspectos de quantidade e qualidade de agua sao extremamente necessarios para resolver este problema de maneira racional. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional capaz de gerenciar de forma integrada os aspectos de quantidade e qualidade de agua em uma bacia hidrografica, considerando os parâmetros de enquadramento dos corpos d’agua, de acordo com a resolucao CONAMA 357/2005. Essa ferramenta computacional consiste em um modelo matematico para o gerenciamento de recursos hidricos e pode ser aplicado em qualquer bacia hidrografica, porem especificamente neste estudo o modelo foi aplicado na bacia do rio Piracicaba, sendo que esta apresenta inumeros conflitos pelo uso da agua. A estrutura do modelo AcquaNet e composta por modelos distintos de quantidade e qualidade de agua, porem apresentando a capacidade de interagir entre si. Os aspectos de quantidade de agua sao tratados atraves da otimizacao das vazoes em uma bacia hidrografica. Ja o modelo de qualidade de agua e capaz de determinar as concentracoes de diversos constituintes de qualidade de agua, tais como DBO, OD, coliformes totais, fosforo total, algas, nitrogenio orgânico, amonia, nitrito e nitrato em diversos trechos dos rios que compoem uma bacia. Palavras-chave: AcquaNet; gerenciamento de quantidade e qualidade; bacia do Piracicaba ABSTRACT Mathematical model for management of water quantity and quality in rivers. A case study: Piracicaba watershed. Currently, one of the major causes of water resources shortage, especially in large urban centers, is the degradation of water quality, caused by inadequate releases of industrial effluents and domestic sewage. Within this context, the development and application of models that consider aspects of water quantity and quality is extremely necessary to solve this problem in a rational way. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a computational tool able to manage it in an integrated manner the issues related to water quantity and quality in a river basin, considering water bodies classification parameters, according to CONAMA 357/2005 resolution. This computational tool is a mathematical model for managing water resources, and can be applied in any river basin. Specifically for this study, the model was applied in Piracicaba watershed, where numerous conflicts related to the use of water occur. Distinct models of water quantity and quality that interact mutually compose the structure of the model AcquaNet. The issues related to water quantity are processed by means of flow rates optimization in a watershed. On the other hand, the model of water quality is capable of determining concentrations of various constituents of water quality, such as BOD, DO, total coli form, total phosphorus, algae, organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in several stretches of rivers. Key words: AcquaNet, water quantity and quality modeling, Piracicaba watershed