Ruben L.J. Osnabrugge

Aortic Stenosis in the Elderly: Disease Prevalence and Number of Candidates for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Meta-Analysis and Modeling Study

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of aortic stenosis (AS) in the elderly and to estimate the current and future number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). BACKGROUND Severe AS is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. A proportion of these patients is at high or prohibitive risk for surgical aortic valve replacement, and is now considered for TAVR. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in multiple databases, and prevalence rates of patients (>75 years) were pooled. A model was based on a second systematic literature search of studies on decision making in AS. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the number of TAVR candidates in 19 European countries and North America. RESULTS Data from 7 studies (n = 9,723 subjects) were used. The pooled prevalence of all AS in the elderly was 12.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.6% to 18.2%), and the prevalence of severe AS was 3.4% (95% CI: 1.1% to 5.7%). Among elderly patients with severe AS, 75.6% (95% CI: 65.8% to 85.4%) were symptomatic, and 40.5% (95% CI: 35.8% to 45.1%) of these patients were not treated surgically. Of those, 40.3% (95% CI: 33.8% to 46.7%) received TAVR. Of the high-risk patients, 5.2% were TAVR candidates. Projections showed that there are approximately 189,836 (95% CI: 80,281 to 347,372) TAVR candidates in the European countries and 102,558 (95% CI: 43,612 to 187,002) in North America. Annually, there are 17,712 (95% CI: 7,590 to 32,691) new TAVR candidates in the European countries and 9,189 (95% CI: 3,898 to 16,682) in North America. CONCLUSIONS With a pooled prevalence of 3.4%, the burden of disease among the elderly due to severe AS is substantial. Under the current indications, approximately 290,000 elderly patients with severe AS are TAVR candidates. Nearly 27,000 patients become eligible for TAVR annually.

The impact of prosthesis–patient mismatch on long-term survival after aortic valve replacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 observational studies comprising 27 186 patients with 133 141 patient-years

AIMS Numerous studies have linked prosthesis-patient mismatch (PPM) after aortic valve replacement (AVR) to adverse outcomes. Its correlation with long-term survival has been described but with contradicting results. This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies aims to determine the hazard of PPM after AVR. METHODS AND RESULTS The Medline and EMBase databases were searched for English-language original publications. Two researchers independently screened studies and extracted data. Pooled estimates were obtained by random effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed to detect sources of heterogeneity. The search yielded 348 potentially relevant studies; 34 were included comprising 27 186 patients and 133 141 patient-years. Defined by the universally accredited indexed effective orifice area <0.85 cm(2)/m(2), 44.2% of patients were categorized as having PPM. In 34.2 and 9.8% of patients moderate (0.65-0.85 cm(2)/m(2)) and severe (<0.65 cm(2)/m(2)) PPM was present, respectively. Prosthesis-patient mismatch was associated with a statistically significant increase in all-cause mortality (HR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.18-1.51), but only a trend to an increase in cardiac-related mortality (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 0.88-2.60) was recognized. Analysis by severity of PPM demonstrated that both moderate and severe PPM increased all-cause mortality (HR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.07-1.33 and HR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.38-2.45) and cardiac-related mortality (HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02-1.71 and HR = 6.46, 95% CI: 2.79-14.97). Further analyses showed a consistent effect over separate time intervals during follow-up. CONCLUSION Prosthesis-patient mismatch is associated with an increase in all-cause and cardiac-related mortality over long-term follow-up. We recommend that current efforts to prevent PPM should receive more emphasis and a widespread acceptance to improve long-term survival after AVR.

Cost-Effectiveness of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Bypass Surgery for Patients With 3-Vessel or Left Main Coronary Artery Disease Final Results From the Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) Trial

Background —The SYNTAX trial demonstrated that in patients with 3-vessel or left-main CAD, CABG was associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke, or repeat revascularization compared with DES-PCI. The long-term cost-effectiveness of these strategies is unknown. Methods and Results —Between 2005 and 2007, 1800 patients with left-main or 3-vessel CAD were randomized to CABG (n=897) or DES-PCI (n=903). Costs were assessed from a US perspective, and health state utilities were evaluated with the EuroQOL questionnaire. A patient-level micro-simulation model based on the 5-year in-trial data was used to extrapolate costs, life expectancy, and quality-adjusted life expectancy over a lifetime horizon. Although initial procedural costs were

Health status after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients at extreme surgical risk: Results from the CoreValve U.S. Trial

3415/patient lower with CABG, total hospitalization costs were

Performance of EuroSCORE II in a large US database: implications for transcatheter aortic valve implantation

10,036/patient higher. Over the next 5 years, follow-up costs were higher with DES-PCI, owing to more frequent hospitalizations, revascularization procedures, and higher medication costs. Over a lifetime horizon, CABG remained more costly than DES-PCI but the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was favorable (

Costs for Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement According to Preoperative Risk Categories

16,537/ QALY gained) and remained <

A systematic review and critical assessment of 11 discordant meta-analyses on reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes in clopidogrel users.

20,000/QALY in most bootstrap replicates. Results were consistent across a wide range of assumptions regarding the long-term effect of CABG vs. DES-PCI on events and costs. In patients with left-main disease or a SYNTAX Score ≤22, however, DES-PCI was economically dominant compared with CABG although these findings were less certain. Conclusions —For most patients with 3-vessel or left-main CAD, CABG is a clinically and economically attractive revascularization strategy compared with DES-PCI. However, among patients with less complex disease, DES-PCI may be preferred on both clinical and economic grounds. Clinical Trial Registration Information —www.clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: [NCT00114972][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00114972&atom=%2Fcirculationaha%2Fearly%2F2014%2F08%2F01%2FCIRCULATIONAHA.114.009985.atomBackground— The Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) trial demonstrated that in patients with 3-vessel or left main coronary artery disease, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was associated with a lower rate of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or repeat revascularization compared with percutaneous coronary revascularization with drug-eluting stents (DES-PCI)). The long-term cost-effectiveness of these strategies is unknown. Methods and Results— Between 2005 and 2007, 1800 patients with left main or 3-vessel coronary artery disease were randomized to CABG (n=897) or DES-PCI (n=903). Costs were assessed from a US perspective, and health state utilities were evaluated with the EuroQOL questionnaire. A patient-level microsimulation model based on the 5-year in-trial data was used to extrapolate costs, life expectancy, and quality-adjusted life expectancy over a lifetime horizon. Although initial procedural costs were

A systematic review of risk prediction in adult cardiac surgery: considerations for future model development

3415 per patient lower with CABG, total hospitalization costs were

Surgery in current therapy for infective endocarditis

10 036 per patient higher. Over the next 5 years, follow-up costs were higher with DES-PCI as a result of more frequent hospitalizations, revascularization procedures, and higher medication costs. Over a lifetime horizon, CABG remained more costly than DES-PCI, but the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was favorable (

Cost-effectiveness of transcatheter valvular interventions: economic challenges.

16 537 per quality-adjusted life-year gained) and remained <