Rudra Vaghela

Recent Advances in Nanosystems and Strategies for Managing Leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND Parasitic infection such as leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, presents a significant global burden which is responsible for high mortality rate especially in less developed countries. Its intracellular nature and disseminated locations of parasite, limited number of chemotherapeutic agents, increasing incidences of resistance to first line drugs and toxicities, pose a great challenge to formulation scientists that have necessitated effective management of leishmanial infection by modulating the delivery of existing drugs. Over the past decade, research on development of alternative treatments such as nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, liposomes etc.), use of natural products as well as development of antileishmanial vaccine has been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE The present review focuses on different facets of therapeutic strategies, existing miscellaneous drug delivery systems and approaches intended for management, as well as treatment of the infection, with an objective to summarize the current trends and strategies adopted for antileishmanial therapy in a systematic manner. Moreover, the article encloses an eclectic collection of patents allied to new-fangled chemotherapeutics for antileishmanial therapy. CONCLUSION The reported miscellaneous novel drug delivery systems along with the diverse approaches are seem to be precise, secure and relatively effective; and in an outcome, could lead to the new track for management of leishmaniasis.

The effect of nanonization on poorly water soluble glibenclamide using a liquid anti-solvent precipitation technique: aqueous solubility, in vitro and in vivo study

The aim of the present research was to improve the aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability of glibenclamide (GLB), a BCS class-II drug. A GLB nanosuspension (NS) was prepared using a liquid anti-solvent (LAS) precipitation technique and stabilized using HPMC K15M and lactose. Different in-process variables which directly affect the precipitated particle size have been thoroughly studied and optimized. The effect of a cryoprotective agent which could prevent agglomeration during lyophilisation was investigated. The optimal formulations of GD-H0.3d and GD-H0.4f exhibited a size range of 168.6 and 342.2 nm respectively and did not show any interaction when screened for incompatibility using FT-IR and DSC, but exhibited a decrease in crystallinity. The prepared GLB NPs exhibited superior aqueous solubility and dissolution when compared to pure GLB. The oral bioavailability of optimized formulations was found to exhibit 2.59, 1.67, 1.19, 2.50 and 2.40 folds of increment with respect to Cmax, Kel (h−1), t1/2, AUC0–24 h and AUC0–∞ for GD-0.3d in contrast to pure GLB.

Current Perspectives on Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Therapies for Management of Prostate Cancer: An Inclusive Review

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is a prostate gland cells carcinoma, the foremost reason of cancer deaths in men in developed countries, representing most common malignancy in adult males. The key obstacle to achieve practicable therapeutic effect of active drugs and capable hopeful agents including proteins and peptides, and nucleic acid for prostate cancer is the scarcity of targeted drug delivery to cells of prostate cancer. As a result, need for novel systems, strategies or therapeutic approaches to enhance the assortment of active agents meant for prostate cancer becomes an important criterion. Currently cancer research focuses on improving treatment of prostate cancer using various novel drug delivery systems of chemotherapeutic agents. These novel drug delivery systems comprise nanoparticles and liposomes. Also, strategies or therapeutic approaches intended for the prostate cancer include radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer, hormonal therapy for suppressing tumor growth, and gene-and-immunologic therapy. These systems and approaches can deliver the drugs to their selected or targeted cancer cells for the drug release in cancer atmosphere of prostate thereby enhancing the effectiveness of tumor penetration. OBJECTIVE The objective was to collect and report the recent research findings to manage the PC. Present review encloses existing diverse novel drug delivery systems and approaches intended for the management of PC. CONCLUSION The reported miscellaneous novel drug delivery systems along with the diverse therapies are seem to be precise, secure and relatively effective; and in consequence could lead to a new track for obliteration of prostate cancer.

Cyclodextrin Nanosponges in Drug Delivery and Nanotherapeutics

The drug delivery technology landscape has become highly competitive and rapidly evolving as more and more developments in delivery systems are being integrated to optimize the efficacy and cost effectiveness of therapy. Currently, extensive research in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicines is ongoing with a major focus towards manipulating materials at nanoscale; which can subsequently lead to advancements in diagnosis, imaging as well as treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. In wake of recent findings, cyclodextrin based nanosponges comprising of hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers, are trendsetting in modern times with nanostructured three-dimensional network. Nanosponges based systems can address the issues related to solubility, absorption, penetration, bioavailability, in vivo stability, and can achieve sustained and targeted delivery with maximum therapeutic efficacy for a number of pharmaceutical entities. Molecules having molar mass between 100 and 400 Da, and with less than five condensed rings can be easily entrapped into nanocavities. For synthesizing nanosponges, melt method, solvent method, quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion, ultrasound and microwave assisted method can be adopted. Nanosponges synthesized via microwave method exhibits narrow size distribution, and higher crystallinity and drug loading (~2 fold) than the counterparts synthesized via conventional methods. Among diverse types, carbamate nanosponges have notable ability of binding to the organic molecules with loading capacity of 20–40 mg per cm3, and ~84% of dissolved organic carbon can be taken away from waste water; hence mostly used for water purification. However, polarity and flexible dimensions are the distinct features of carbonate nanosponges, and via synthetic reaction under different conditions, carbonate nanosponges can be obtained in amorphous or semi-crystalline form. Ester nanosponges have ability to host apolar organic molecules together with the cations, owing to presence of free polar carboxylic group. Lately, stimuli-responsive, intelligent or smart polymeric nanosponges have also been proposed for controlled delivery of low molecular weight and macromolecular drugs. In all, cyclodextrin nanosponges based drug delivery systems have achieved two to tenfolds improved stability, four to 25-folds enhanced solubility and three to fivefolds increased drug targeting efficiency; when compared to direct injection. The extension of nanosponges based drug delivery systems is an exhilarating and demanding research pasture, predominantly to overcome problems allied to existing formulations and for the further progressions in the field of pharmaceutical sciences and technology. Herein, nanosponges has been extensively reviewed as novel nanocarrier and adjunct with an all-inclusive focus on the suitability, versatility and characteristics of cyclodextrin based nanosponges for the promising applications in the fields of drug delivery and nanotherapeutics. Additionally in this chapter, development of nanosponges with a major focus on cyclodextrin based nanosponges has been well covered, and special importance has been given on discussing the preparation methods, characterization techniques and prominent applications of these novel drug delivery carriers for therapeutic purposes.

Cyclodextrin nanosponge-based systems in drug delivery and nanotherapeutics: Current progress and future prospects

Abstract In recent times, nanotechnology and nanomedicines have been researched with a major focus on manipulating materials at nanometer level that can bring about advances in imaging, diagnosis, as well as treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. Cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs), foreseen as modern nanosized delivery systems, are trendsetting hypercross-linked CD polymers that are nanostructured within a three-dimensional network. Nanosponge-based delivery systems inherit the potential for enhancing the solubility, absorption, penetration, bioavailability, in vivo stability, sustained and targetable delivery, and therapeutic efficiency of numerous pharmaceutical agents. The system predominantly and effectively addresses the aforementioned problems related to the existing formulations, with further advancements in the field of pharmaceutical sciences and technology. In this chapter, NSs are scrutinized as novel nanocarrier and adjuncts, with an all-inclusive focus on the characteristics, suitability, and versatility of CD-based NSs for their promising applications in drug delivery and nanotherapeutics.