Rui Jorge Garcia Ramos

Portuguese, but not Citizens: Restricted Citizenship in Contemporary Portugal

Most commentators single out two national peculiarities of the Portuguese case that distinguish it from other traditions of modern citizenship in Europe. First, whereas the potentially ethnic principle of descent (ius sanguinis) prevailed in determining who was and who was not a citizen in many European countries, the predominant principle in Portugal up to 1981 was territorial (ius soli), just as it was in most republics in the Americas. Second, while universal male suffrage spread in western Europe, the right to vote in Portugal, after a relatively early expansion in the 1870s, was restricted, first in the 1890s and again in 1913. Universal adult suffrage, for men and women, was adopted only in 1974. Thus, one could sum up the Portuguese historical experience of citizenship by saying that while it was easy for residents and their descendants to become Portuguese nationals, it was difficult for Portuguese nationals to become full citizens.

Primeiras propostas de habitação operária no Porto: a casa unifamiliar, o Carré Mulhousien e a Cité-Jardin

A narrativa aborda uma solucao particular de casa economica o Carre Mulhousien. Esse foi o modelo tomado como ideal no Porto de 1900 e a sua analise permite fixar temas desenvolvidos posteriormente pelas praticas modernas da habitacao social na sua relacao com a cidade. O texto expoe alguns temas importantes para compreender, entre geografias diversas, a reforma da habitacao operaria no final do seculo XIX centrada no unifamiliar e no ideal das cidades jardim.Palavras chave: arquitetura, habitacao economica, unifamiliar, cidade operaria, Mulhouse, Porto, seculo XIX.