Rustam B. Rustamov

Remote sensing and GIS as an advance space technologies for Rare Vegetation monitoring in Gobustan State National Park, Azerbaijan.

This paper describes remote sensing methodologies for monitoring rare vegetation with special emphasis on the Image Statistic Analysis for set of training samples and classification. At first 5 types of Rare Vegetation communities were defined and the Initial classification scheme was designed on that base. After preliminary Statistic Analysis for training samples, a modification algorithm of the classification scheme was defined: one led us to creating a 4 class’s scheme (Final classification scheme). The different methods analysis such as signature statistics, signature separability and scatter plots are used. According to the results, the average separability (Transformed Divergence) is 1951.14, minimum is 1732.44 and maximum is 2000 which shows an acceptable level of accuracy. Contingency Matrix computed on the results of the training on Final classi- fication scheme achieves better results, in terms of overall accuracy, than the training on Initial classification scheme.

Earth Observation Remote Sensing and GIS Services for Monitoring of Integration Systems

Today availability of using the high resolution of space imagery creates a positive environment on application of space technology for monitoring of integrated systems in different areas of industry and commercial purposes. They are an airborne, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar and LIDAR multi-spectral and hyper-spectral sensors. One of the advance methods of feasibility study of appropriate services for monitoring of integration systems is based on remote sensing data and GIS developments. Objective of this approach is to improve safety, security aspects of integration systems, reduce survey costs and improve transportation and transmission efficiency through an increased monitoring frequency. Conceptually monitoring the integration system is structured into four main system components: (1) the Pipeline Operator System (POS), which is the part of the monitoring system which is used by the pipeline operator for delivery and handling of alarms and for specifying the monitoring characteristics for different parts of the pipeline network. (2) the Pipeline Information Management System (PEMS), which stores all relevant information on the pipeline network, the environment around it, and the integrity monitoring and which provides analyses and scheduling functionalities for the pipeline operator. The PIMS also includes an alarm production system, which decides what hazards should be considered as alarms. (3) the Hazard Extraction System (HES), which extracts the hazard report information out of the basic remote sensing imagery layers, using advanced image interpretation techniques. (4) the imagery Collection System (ICS), which collects the required remote sensing imagery with a suit of both spaceborne and airborne platforms and different types of sensors, conform the monitoring priorities. In the ICS all these means are scheduled optimally conform the specified priorities of the pipeline operators and the weather and season conditions. Here also the data are pre-processed to remote sensing basic imagery layers. The four components in principle can be independent of each other so that maximal flexibility exists. Also each system component in itself is set up as much as possible in a modular and flexible way. By implementation of this above mentioned issues, new technologies on sensors, platforms, data processing, data storage and transfer can be integrated and the system easily can be extended to other operators or areas. The future integration systems monitoring scenarios can only be turned into reality if sufficient supply from spaceborne data will be available for reasonable economic conditions and with certain technical performance. Earth observation for appropriate investigation requires very high resolution optical and in most cases radar sensors. Very high resolution is here defined as a resolution of 1 meter and better. This scale is required to allow the detection of targets. Very high resolution satellite observation, formerly limited to national and strictly classified reconnaissance tasks, has become a commercial business in the recent years. However, national security users are still the basis for the commercial viability of that business. Affected by satellites losses and pioneered with Space Imagings IKONOS satellite, better than 1 meter resolution optical data is now available for science and commercial use.

Earth Observation – Space Technology

For monitoring of the Earth thousands of satellites have been sent into space on missions to collect data related different spheres of the Earth investigations and studies. Today, the ability to forecast weather, climate, and natural hazards, environmental monitoring and ecological issues depend critically on these satellite-based observations. Based on this data it is possible to gather satellite images frequently enough to create the model of the changing planet, improving the understanding of Earths dynamic processes and helping society to manage limited resources and environmental challenges. Earth observations from space open and makes requirement to address scientific and societal challenges of the future.

Advanced Space Technology for Oil Spill Detection

Environmental pollution, including oil spill is one of the major ecological problems. Negative human impacts demands to develop appropriate legislations within the national and international framework for marine and coastal environment as well as the onshore protection. Several seas, for instance the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the North Seas were declared as special areas where ship discharges are completely prohibited (Satellite Monitoring, LUKOIL).

Global Positioning System/Geographic Information System Environment for Engineering Infrastructure Facility Monitoring

Oil and gas companies need to ensure continuous operation of critical equipment, no matter how remote. This means knowing exactly where your fleets and equipment are, how they are performing and identifying problems as they occur. There are number of existing security systems developed to protect linear systems like oil pipelines for transportation of oil and gas products from the first point of development up to collection stations. In the current stage is the gap of the oil and gas pipeline systems security purposes of use of space technology advances. This paper dedicated to the subject of linear pipeline monitoring with use of global positioning system for observation of changes of land in the areas actively functioning of natural disaster factor (Babatunde, Chris, Rupert, & Phil, 2015).

Space Technology as the Tool in Climate Change Monitoring System

Today the climate change as an important issue is discussed widely around the world. Many scientists relate global warming and its consequences to human activities and not to natural fluctuations. The reasoning of this approach is the time scale of climate change. Recent warming of the earth is considered to be abrupt compared to the time scale usually accompanied with natural climate change episodes. As obvious the Earth’s natural climate changes happen gradually in a long period of time (tens of thousands to millions of years) but we are witnessing an abrupt change over the past 200 years. The main reason is the industrial revolution with fossil fuels as its main source of energy which is setting a steady emission increase of Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases which trap heat causing an increase of temperature in the lower atmosphere. Climate change is recognized as the significant aspect for investigation and international communities through the United Nations created special groups to focus on climate change effects and initiated protocols to organize a global response to deal with its consequences. Unusually behaviors of the strong tropical storms, heavy precipitations causing a devastating floods, more frequent heat waves, frequents drought and other similar natural events are connected to a modern climate change. The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, refer to climate change as the “defining issue of our era”. This calls, among others, for implementation of commitment to stabilize greenhouse emissions and furnish a report about the current status of climate change to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on the status of greenhouse gases and climate change impacts and mitigation. Climate change problem has a global scale which must be addressed with global models and global data are needed as input to these models. Currently there are sufficient space data sources with different spatial resolution which successfully implementing and applying for climate change monitoring and study purposes. Earth Observation from Space has a unique capacity to provide such global data sets in a continuous way. However the Earth Observation from Space also provides data on national and local scales which can successfully support in an implementation of the convention and protocol and encourage

Monitoring of The Impacts of the Natural Disaster Based on The Use of Space Technology

The forecasting, mitigation and preparedness of the natural disaster impacts require relevant information regarding the disaster desirable in real time. In the meantime it is requiring the rapid and continuous data and information generation or gathering for possible prediction and monitoring of the natural disaster. Since disasters that cause huge social and economic disruptions normally affect large areas or territories and are linked to global change. The use of traditional and conventional methods for management of the natural disaster impact can not be effectively implemented for intial data collection with the further processing. The space technology or remote sensing tools offer excellent possibilities of collecting vital data. The main reason is capability of this technology of collecting data at global and regional scales rapidly and repetitively. This is unchallenged advantage of the space methods and technology. The satellite or remote sensing techniques can be used to monitor the current situation, the situation before based on the data in sight. as well as after disaster occurred. They can be used to provide baseline data against which future changes can be compared while the GIS techniques provide a suitable framework for integrating and analyzing the many types of data sources required for disaster monitoring. Developed GIS is an excellent instrument for definition of the social impact status of the natural disaster which can be undertaken in the future database developments. This methodology is a good source for analysis and dynamic change studies of the natural disaster impacts.