Ruth Ann Strickland

The Hierarchy of Ethical Values in Nonprofit Organizations: A Framework for an Ethical, Self- Actualized Organizational Culture

Using Maslows theory of human psychological development as a framework, a model based on the hierarchy of values is proposed to explain how not-for-profit organizations develop an ethical culture. As with individual values, the five levels of ethical behavior—financial competence, accountability, reciprocity, respect, integrity—are attained successively and one at a time. Thus ethical values are a foundation for achieving integrity, defined herein not only as incorruptibility but as a total commitment to the highest standards of behavior. External controls stimulate ethical behavior primarily at the lower levels; internal controls must be present to achieve an ethical organizational culture.

Sexual Harassment: A Legal Perspective for Public Administrators

Since the Clarence Thomas-Anita Hill hearings, there has been a heightened awareness in the U.S. of sexual harassment in the workplace. Recent case law has given men and women more protections against sexual harassment. At the same time, the liability of employers for acts of harassment in the public and private sector has increased. The purpose of this article is to discuss the issue of sexual harassment from a public administrators viewpoint. Various types of sexual harassment are identified and preventive and remedial measures are provided.

Comparing City Policies on Mandatory Drug Testing: A Process Evaluation

Presidential decree and federal legislation have resulted in substantial employee drug testing at all levels of government as well as among private sector contractors. Joining the War on Drugs, many other employers have taken up the practice voluntarily. However we may feel about the arguments for and against testing – whether on the basis of public safety, integrity, access to sensitive information, etc. -- the fact remains that drug testing policies are non-uniform and unevenly applied, and the common testing technologies are unreliable. If we believe as a society that drug testing serves a legitimate public function consistent with our cultural and legal values, then uniform standards and procedures must be developed. If not, we should give greater consideration to alternative measures, such as employee education and assistance.

The Constitution under Pressure: A Time for Change

Tables Acknowledgments Introduction Constitutional Conflicts: The 1787 Convention Liberalism and Capitalism: The Pillars of U.S. Constitutionalism Federalism in Theory and Practice: The Growth of Federal Power Interpreting the Constitution: The Role of the Courts The Constitution Under Pressure: The Amendment Process The Constitution and Representation: Malapportionment and Dissatisfaction Too Much Separation of Powers? Presidential versus Parliamentary Government Policy Specialization: A Time for Constitutional Change? Bibliography Index About the Authors