S. D. Upadhaya

Effect of protected organic acid blends on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal micro flora in growing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of protected organic acid blends on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and faecal micro flora in growing pigs. A total of 100 crossed [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 23.4 ± 1.27 kg were used in a six-week trial. Pigs were randomly allocated into one of four treatments (five replications with five pigs per pen) in a randomly complete block design based on their BW. Treatments consisted of CON, basal diet; MC1, basal diet + protected organic acid 0.1%; MC2, basal diet + protected organic acid 0.2%; MC3, basal diet + protected organic acid 0.4%. BW and feed intake were measured initially and at the end of six weeks to determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain/feed. The digestibility of nutrients and faecal micro flora was also assessed at the end of the experiment. The pigs fed MC2 diet showed greater ADG and G:F than pigs fed the control diet. Linear effects for ADG (linear, P = 0.04) as well as G: F (linear, P = 0.03) were observed. Dietary supplementation with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% protected organic acid did not affect dry matter, N and energy digestibility. Supplementation of 0.2% protected organic acid increased (P < 0.05) faecal Lactobacillus population counts (linear, P = 0.01). Our result suggests that protected organic acid has the potential to enhance growth performance and improve microbial population in growing pigs.

Ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in unfermented, fermented soybean meal and canola meal for weaning pigs

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of nitrogen and amino acids were evaluated in six weanling pigs ((Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc)) fed unfermented soybean meal (SM), yeast fermented soybean meal (SMY), bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMB), yeast and bacillus fermented soybean meal (SMYB), canola meal (CM) and nitrogen-free diet. Pigs having body weights 17.00 ± 0.3 kg were surgically equipped with T-cannulas of approximately 15 cm prior to the ileo-cecal junction and randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments and a nitrogen-free diet in 6 × 6 Latin squares. AID and SID of nitrogen (N) was greater (P < 0.05) in SMYB and SMB compared with SM and CM. AID and SID of amino acids such as, Lys (lysine) and Phe (phenylalanine) as well as total essential amino acids were greater (P < 0.05) in SMB and tended to be low in CM compared with SM. AID and SID of aspartic acid (Asp) and glycine (Gly) tended to be higher in SMB compared with SM and other diets except CM. In conclusion, fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus showed better digestibility of amino acid and nutrients.

Efficacy of β-mannanase supplementation to corn–soya bean meal-based diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood urea nitrogen, faecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria and faecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of β-mannanase supplementation to a diet based on corn and soya bean meal (SBM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), faecal coliforms and lactic acid bacteria, and noxious gas emission in growing pigs. A total of 140 pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc; average body weight 25 ± 3 kg] were randomly allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with dietary treatments consisting of hulled or dehulled SBM without or with supplementation of 400 U β-mannanase/kg. During the 6 weeks of experimental feeding, β-mannanase supplementation had no effect on body weight gain, feed intake and gain:feed (G:F) ratio. Compared with dehulled SBM, feeding hulled SBM caused an increased feed intake of pigs in the entire trial (p = 0.05). The G:F ratio was improved in pigs receiving dehulled SBM (p < 0.05). Dietary treatments did not influence the total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and gross energy. Enzyme supplementation reduced (p < 0.05) the population of faecal coliforms and tended to reduce the NH3 concentration after 24 h of fermentation in a closed box containing faecal slurry. Feeding hulled SBM tended to reduce NH3 emission on days 3 and 5 of fermentation. In conclusion, mannanase supplementation had no influence on growth performance and nutrient digestibility but showed a positive effect on reducing coliform population and tended to reduce NH3 emission. Dehulled SBM increased G:F ratio and hulled SBM tended to reduce NH3 emission.

Effects of gel-based phytogenic feed supplement on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs

ABSTRACT A total of 120 weanling pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an average body weight (BW) of 6.71 kg were used in a 6-week feeding trial (divided into three phases) to evaluate the effects of gel-based phytogenic feed supplement on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and intestinal morphology. Pigs were randomly distributed on the basis of BW and sex with five pigs per pen and eight pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were: CON (basal diet), CON + 50 g gel-based feed supplement per pig a day, (F50) and CON + 100 g gel-based feed supplement per pig a day, (F100). During week 6, pigs receiving F50 and F100 diet had a linear increase (P = .001) in BW. The average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio (G:F) also increased linearly (P = .03) in piglets at the last phase of experiment. Overall, pigs fed F50 and F100 diet showed a linear increase (P = .002) in ADG and G:F (linear, P = .02). However, average daily feed intake was neither improved nor reduced in piglets with F100 and F50 treatment. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) and energy (E) increased linearly (P = .01, P = .02, respectively) with an increase in the dose of feed supplement. The villi length of jejunum and ileum was improved (linear, P < .0001, P < .0001, respectively) with an increase in the level of gel-based feed supplement. In conclusion, phytogenic feed supplement did not influence feed intake but increased ADG, improved G:F through enhancement of DM and E digestibility as well as improved jejunum and ileum villi length.

Comparison effects of dietary iron dextran and bacterial-iron supplementation on growth performance, fecal microbial flora, and blood profiles in sows and their litters

This study was conducted to compare effects of dietary administration of iron dextran and bacterial-iron on growth performance, fecal microbial flora, and blood profiles in sows and their litters. A total of 20 multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly allotted into two treatments: (i) ID (basal diet, piglets were injected with iron dextran); (ii) BR (basal diet + bacterial-iron; bacterial-iron was given to sows, piglets were not injected with iron dextran). There were five replicates per treatment with two sows per replicate. No differences were observed on sow and piglet growth performance, fecal microbial flora as well as sow blood profiles between ID and BR treatments. In piglets, blood iron, red blood cell and hemoglobin concentrations in ID treatment were higher (P < 0.05) on days 12 and 24. Furthermore, concentration of white blood cells in BR treatment was lower (P < 0.05) on day 12. However, the percentage of lymphocytes on day 12 was increased (P < 0.05) in BR treatment. In conclusion, effect of iron dextran and bacterial-iron has no difference on growth performance in lactating sows and piglets, but iron dextran injection has higher blood iron, white blood cell, red blood cell and hemoglobin concentrations in piglets.

Effect of replacement of de-hulled barley with water-soaked barley in corn–soybean meal-based diet on growth performance, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs

ABSTRACT A total of 144 crossbred pigs [(Yorkshire Landrace) × Duroc] with an average initial body weight (BW) of 61.7 kg were used to assess the effect of replacement of de-hulled barley (DB) with water soaked barley (WB) in corn-soybean meal-based diet on growth performance, blood characteristics, and meat quality in finishing pigs according to their BW and sex (12 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs per pen). The dietary treatments were: DB, basal diet containing 5% DB; WB1, basal diet + 5% WB (0–8 weeks of feeding); WB2, basal diet + 5% WB (4–8 weeks of feeding). At the end of week 4, the IgG concentration (p<.05) was higher in WB1 than DB and WB2. At the end of week 8, lymphocyte percent was higher (p<.05) in DB than WB1 whereas IgG concentration was higher in WB1 and WB2 than DB. The sensory evaluation of colour scored higher (p<.05) in WB1 and meat marbling scored higher (p<.05) in WB2 than in DB. A higher (p<.05) yellowness and drip loss (day 1 and day 5) was observed in DB than in WB1. In conclusion, replacement of DB with WB had a positive impact on blood characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs.

Effects of cellulase supplementation to corn soybean meal-based diet on the performance of sows and their piglets

A total of 15 primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) and their litters were used in the current study to evaluate the efficacy of cellulase supplementation on the production performance of sows and piglets. Pigs were randomly allocated into one of three treatments with five replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: (i) CON (corn-soybean meal-based control); (ii) EZ1 (CON + 0.05% cellulase); and (iii) EZ2 (CON + 0.10% cellulase). The supplementation of cellulase had no effect (P > 0.05) on body weight and feed intake of lactating sows. At weaning, back fat thickness loss decreased (P = 0.04) linearly in EZ1 and EZ2 treatments. The average daily gain (ADG) of piglets increased (linear P = 0.06, quadratic P = 0.04)) during days 14 to 21 as well as at days 21 to 25 (linear P = 0.03 and quadratic P = 0.01) with the increase in the level of supplemented enzyme. Dry matter and nitrogen digestibility increased (linear P = 0.01) in lactating sows fed EZ1 and EZ2 diet compared with CON. In conclusion, it is suggested that cellulase supplementation to corn-soybean meal based diet exerts beneficial effects to sows in reducing their back fat thickness loss at weaning and also helps to improve nutrient digestibility. It also helped to improve the ADG of piglets.

Ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in low quality soybean meal sources treated with β-mannanase for growing pigs.

Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of energy, dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and amino acids and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids in low quality soybean meals with different CP concentration (SBM 44% CP and SBM 48% CP) with or without 400 U β-mannanase/kg supplementation were evaluated in 20 cannulated barrows ((Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc) with an average BW of 25.08±3.42 kg. A N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of amino acids. The supplementation of β-mannanase improved (P0.05) AID of N and energy. The type of SBM (SBM 44% CP v. SBM 48% CP) had no effect on AID of DM, N and energy. β-mannanase improved (P<0.05) AID of sum of essential amino acids, arginine, histidine, lysine, valine and glycine. The SID of lysine was higher (P<0.05) in enzyme supplemented than in non-supplemented diets. Larger AID and SID of threonine and proline (P<0.05) were observed in SBM 48% CP than in SBM 44% CP. In conclusion, the supplementation of enzyme improved AID of arginine, histidine, lysine, valine and glycine, but it did not cause marked difference in SID of these amino acids except for lysine. The low nutrient digestibility of the SBM sources used in the present experiment might have favoured the positive effect of β-mannanase supplementation.

Effect of supplementation of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate as fat emulsifier in low density diet on growth performance, backfat thickness, lean muscle percentage, and meat quality in finishing pigs

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate as fat emulsifier in low-density diet on the growth performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. A total of 84 mixed-sex finishing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] at 112 d of age with an average body weight (BW) of 60 ± 0.75 kg (two gilts and two barrows per pen; seven pens per treatment) were used in a 56 d experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of three treatments based on BW and stratified based on sex. The following three treatments were used (1) control basal diet (T1), (2) low-energy diet (T2), and (3) T2 + 0.1% sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate emulsifier (T3). The supplementation of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate as fat emulsifier in energy-reduced diet did not have significant effects on growth performance compared with energy-reduced diet without emulsifier, although it slightly increased final BW by 1.45%, average daily gain by 3.3%, gain to feed ratio by 3.77%, and reduced average daily feed intake by 0.64%. The supplementation of emulsifier in energy-reduced diet did not have any adverse effect (P > 0.05) on meat quality attributes, as well as backfat thickness and lean muscle percentage (LMP), compared with energy-reduced diet without emulsifier or basal diet. In conclusion, the supplementation of emulsifier at 0.1% level in low-energy diet did not have significant effects on growth performance, backfat thickness, LMP, and meat quality attributes in finishing pigs.

Effects of dietary supplementation of chelated water-soluble mineral mixture on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and faecal micro flora in weanling pigs

ABSTRACT A total of 105 [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 7 ± 1.58 kg were used in a 5-week experiment in two phases to test the efficacy of supplementation of chelated mineral mixture on piglet performance. Pigs were randomly allocated to one of three treatments [five pigs per pen (three barrows and two gilts); seven pens per treatment]. Treatments consisted of: CON; basal diet, TRT1; basal diet + 0.89% chelated mineral mixture and TRT2; basal diet + 0.55% chelated mineral mixture. Pigs fed TRT1 and TRT2 had increased (P < .05) gain/feed ratio during the first phase and overall and had greater (P < .05) average daily gain (ADG) during the second phase compared with CON. Pigs fed TRT1 had greater (P < .05) ADG overall and had higher (P < .05) dry matter (DM) digestibility during the first phase. On day 35, the concentrations of Fe and Cu in blood serum were higher (P < .05) in TRT1 and TRT2 but Ca concentration increased (P < .05) and faecal Escherichia coli counts reduced in TRT1 compared with CON. In conclusion, our results indicated that chelated mineral mixture have beneficial effects in pigs.